Indo-European Table 1, Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases with Indo-European cognates

04.10.2022 Etruscan Vocabulary, Etruscan Phrases– Etruscan etymological relationships to other Indo-European languages; Proto-Indo-Europea. (PIE):

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Etruscan_Phrases

Indo-European Table 1, Part 2


 by Mel Copeland

(from a work published in 1981)

This table has Indo-European, Akkadian, Hurrian, Georgian (Kartlevian), Latvian (Baltic) and Finnish (Uralic) selections. We have colored words that may be related among the various languages/families. The coloring provides an unusual view of the mix and concordance of the cited languages.




Table 1, Section 1A: Indo-European words as they relate to Etruscan.  Note: colors indicate possible relationship among words.

Sanskrit


Avestan, Persian, Georgian, Hurrian, Akkadian

Slavic, Baltic, Romanian,
Finnish-Uralic


Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Basque


Latin

other


English

Etruscan

,

kas, api, that, although, yad, that, since, kas. ka, kat/kim, who, what? who what, someone, anyone,

ka, kahe, who, yim, who, aya [aem] (fî), this, cim?, interr. pron. who, what, which, ci ta[-], cish [ci], cîm [ci], what? who? which? (indef. pron.), anyone, someone, whoever, whatever, ýa [-], ýat, who, which, that, conj. when ta [-], this, that, he, she, it (Avestan)
 

kyکی who, when, whom, ke, که,  that, as, what, which, who, whom, whether, kudom, کدام, which, any, če, چه, what?,  ce kasiچه چیزی, what,  ke či,  چی what, ânce, آنچه what (Persian)

ვინ, vin, who,
რა, ra, what, რომელიც, romelits’, which, რომ, rom, that,  (Georgian)


inv(-), pron, dem., that (Urartian)
ave-, abe-, ave-, ab-i ~ av-i, who, au-nni, av-, #aw, what, andi, andu,  -lla, -l, -nna, -n, anv-, that (Hurrian)


minu, pron. interr., who?, mija, who?, ja’u, which, aba, abu, what, mūnu, interr., what?, allû, that, the other, agâ, aga’a, agaja, aga’i, annû, that, this, ammiu, m., ammīt, f., that, those, šāt, pron. fem. s., she of, that of, which, šât, fem.pl. they of, those of, which  (Akkadian)



хто,
chto, who, што, što, what, that, які, jaki, which (Belarussian)

chto, pron. who;
cyj, pron. whose sto, pn. what (Belarus)
tko, who,
što, what, koji, which, da, that, (Croatian)

kto, who, co, what, który, which, że, that (Polish)
ka, what (Baltic
Sudovian)
kurš, who,
kas, which, what, ka, that (Latvian)
kas, who, , what, which, tai, that (Lithuanian)
care, who, which, what, whichever, ce, what, acea, that (Romanian)
kuka, who, että, that, mitä, what, joka, which (Finnish-Uralic)



ο οποίος, o opios, who, οι οποίες, oi opoíes, which. τι, ti, what, ότι, óti, that (Greek)
ով, ov, who, որը, vory, which, ինչ, inch’, what, որ, vor, that (Armenian)
kush, who, which Çfarë, what, , that, kujt, whom, quod, that, which, (Albanian)

nor, who, nork, who?, bertan, zein, which, zer, what, hori, that  (Basque)

qui, who, which quae, any, some, who, which, what,  quod, that, which, quid est, what





 

a, who, which, cad, what, sin, that (Irish)
, who, , what, a tha, which, 
sin, that (Scott)
pwy, sawl,
a, who, what,
beth, what, pa, a, which, sydd, which, a, hwnnw (honno) that;  hwn (hon), this; (Welsh)
chi, who, che cosa, what, quale, which,  che, who, what, which, quello, quella, that, cio, that, (Italian)
qui, who, lequel, laquelle, which, quel, quelle, what,
ce, cette, that (French)

કોણ,
Kōṇa, who,
શું, Śuṁ, what, which, કે, , that (Gujarati)
kim, who, ne, what, whatsoever,
hangisi, which, whichever, o, ki, that (Turkish)

ДДСҰ, DDSU, who, kim, who, не, ne, what, қайсысы, qaysısı, which, қай, qay, which, сол, sol, pron. that, бұл, bol, that (Kazakh)
JSSV, who, kim, who, nima, what, whichever, qaysi, which, bu, that, u/o'sha, that, he/she (Uzbek)
кӣ,
, who, which, that, чӣ, он, on, pron. he, that, чӣ, , what (Tajik)
эмне, emne, what, кайсы, kaysı, which, ошол, oşol, that (Kyrgyz)         

ДЭМБ, DEMB, who, хэн, khen, pron. who, юу, yuu, what, аль, alis, which, тэр, ter, that (Mongolian)
誰,
Shuí, who, whose, someone,
什麼, Shénme, what, 孰, Shú, what, 哪, , which, where, that, 哪個, Nǎge, which (Traditional Chinese)
 

kuse, kus (pron. inter.)  [B kuse], who?, what? kuc-ne (conj.), that, since, pron., rel. who, which  (Tocharian)


ki, who, what, qi+k, whoever, Lydian)
ti, who, which, rel. pron.,
ti-: N/A/Nt ti, D tdi, Npl. ti, Ntpl. tija / ti+k, indef pron., quid-a, whatever (Lycian)
ki, which (Mylian)


kui, who, what (Palaic)


kui/kue/kua, who?, what?, someone, anyone, kuis, who, kuis, kuisa, who, whoever, kuis imam kuis, whoever else, kās, this, kui-, that, who, which, what, kuit, what, kui-, kui->, whoever, whichever, whatever, kui- imma kui, kui-kui, whichever, whoever, whatever, kuat ima kuat, whatever, for whatever reason, kuis kuis, whoever, kuis imam, kuis, whoever else, apa-as, that, he, she, it, apās, that, apā-,  apa-as, that, he, she, it, ani, that,  apās, that, si/oni/ni/ini, that (one) (Hittite)


who? [<OE hwa], which, [<OW hwilc], what [<OE hw æt], (interrog.)
whoever,
whichever,
that, [<OE th
æt],
2-1

ca, Script N74, Q468, Q488, Au35, BS-9, Au36, Au67, L-3, LS-3, XM-9, Script N74,, Script N74,
Q468, Q488, Au35;
BS-9 (probably is what)



cai, Script R87

parirakṣaṇa, guarding, protecting, a protector
samvrta, concealed, kept secret, cautious;
yat, yatati, -te
, to join, connect, unite; take pains, be cautious or careful; prayatnavant assiduous, careful: prayatna, zealously, diligently, carefully

fravashi [e], guardian spirit, angel (Avestan)
ehtiyât, احتیاط
caution, mahtat, محتاط, cautious,  movâzeb, مواظب adj., alert, cautious,  sanjydh, سنجیده careful, guarded, restrained, mature (Persian)
იყოს ერთ -ერთი მცველიფრთ, iq’os ert -erti mtsveli, to be on one's guard,  დაცული, datsuli, guarded, ხილი, prtkhili, cautious (Georgian)

nāṣiru, guard, adj., protecting, naṣāru, to  guard, keep somebody under guard, to fulfill duties, to be on the alert, to heed, etc., naṣriš, guarded, under guard, maṣṣartu, in ša maṣṣarti, guardian, watchman (Akkadian)

ахоўны, achoŭny, guarded, быць на варце, być na varcie, to be on one's guard, асцярожны,  asciarožny, cautious (Belarusian) asciarozznasc, caution, care, prudence (Belarus)
čuvan, guarded, biti na oprezu, to be on one's guard, oprezan, cautious (Croatian)
mieć się na baczności, to be on one's guard, ostrożny, cautious (Polish)
apsargāta, guarded, būt sargājošam,
to be on one's guard, piesardzīgi, cautious (Latvian)
păzit, guarded, a fi în gardă to be on one's guard, precaut, cautious (Romanian)
varovainen, guarded, olla varuillaan, to be on one's guard, varovainen, cautious (Finnish-Uralic)



επιφυλακτικός, epifylaktikós, guarded, να είσαι σε επιφυλακή, na eísai se epifylakí, to be on one's guard, προσεκτικός, prosektikós, cautious (Greek)
պահպանում է, pahpanum e, guarded, մեկի վրա լինել, meki vra linel, to be on one's guard, զգույշ, zguysh, cautious Armenian)
të jesh në roje, to be on one's guard, maturi, caution, i kujdesshëm, cautious (Albanian)

alaitzen, guarded, norberaren zaindar egon,to be on one's guard, zuhur, cautious (Basque)

caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, to be on one's guard

cosanta, guarded,  aireach, cautious (Irish)
dìon, guarded, faiceallach, cautious (Scott)
gwarchodedig, guarded, gochelgar, cautious (Welsh)
protetto, guarded, cauta, cauto, cautious, attenzione, caution! (Italian)
gardé, m., gardée, f., guarded, mise en garde, be on one's guard, faites attention, be careful, prudente, prudent, cautious (French)


સાવચેત રહેવું, Sāvacēta rahēvuṁ, to be on one's guard, સાવધ, Sāvadha, cautious  (Gujarati)
tetikte olmak, to be on one's guard, temkinli, cautious (Turkish)

сақ болу, saq bolw, to be on one's guard, сақ  saq, cautious (Kazakh)
ehtiyot bo'lish, to be on one's guard, ehtiyotkor, cautious (Uzbek)

дар посбонӣ будан, dar posʙonī ʙudan, dar posʙonī ʙudanto be on one's guard, эҳтиёткор, ehtijotkor, cautious (Tajik)
сак болуу, sak boluu, to be on one's guard, этият, etiyat, cautious  (Kyrgyz)to be on one's guard,  to be on one's guard, 

өөрийн харуул дээр байх, ööriin kharuul deer baikh, to be on one's guard, болгоомжтой, bolgoomjtoi, cautious (Mongolian)

提防, Tífáng, to be on one's guard, 謹 慎, Jǐnshèn, cautious (Traditional Chinese)


zrtne/i-: N zrtni, Apl. zrtniz, guard, protector (Mylian)

nahhant-, cautious, anxious, nah-, cautious, to be cautious, to be afraid, to be respectful, to fear, pahhas->, to guard, protect, keep people safe, auri-, awari-, auriyala-, border guard, haliyatalla-, temple guard (Hittite)

to be on one's
guard, [<OFr. guarder], cautious, [<Lat. cavere, to take care],

2-2

cave (CA8E),
Script Q162
caver (CA8ER), Script Q232

CAF_, (cau-. caf-)? Script ZA-4




 
rastrabhedin,
rebel; pratyucchri,
virodhakṛt
, to rise against, revolt,

rājadrohaṁ karoti, to  rebel




uzîra [uz-ir], to rise up (Avestan)
barm khydan,
برمخیدن challenge, mutiny, rebel, revolt, shureshi, شورشی   revolt (Persian)

აჯანყება,
ajanqeba, to revolt, აჯანყება,
ajanqeba, revolt (Georgian)

nabalkattu, to revolt, retreat, ramp, ladder, burglary, crossing, etc., našû, to rise up against someone, to arise, to prosper, to take medication, wear a crown, bear fruit, etc., tebû, to rise up in revolt, to advance, attack, get up, leave, depart, erect a building, etc., tēnānû, revolutionary?, tibûtu, revolt, resurrection, departure, attack, swarming,etc., zēr ḫalgatȋ, rebellious (as ana invective referring to an ethnic group, accursed    (Akkadian)


бунтаваць, buntavać, to revolt, паўстанне, paŭstannie, revolt (Belarusian)
na pobunu, to revolt, pobuna, revolt (Croatian)

buntowac sie,  to revolt, bunt, revolt,
rewolta, revolt, mutiny
(Polish);
sacelties, to revolt, sacelšanās, revolt (Latvian)
să se revolte, to revolt, revoltă, revolt, cabra, prance, revolt, oppose in the case of a horse (Romanian)
kapinoida to revolt, kapina, revolt (Finnish-Uralic)


να εξεγείρουν, na exegeíroun, to revolt, περιστροφή, peristrofí, revolt (Greek)
ապստամբություն,
apstambut’yun, to revolt, վերածնունդ, veratsnund, revolt (Armenian)
për të revoltuar, to revolt, revoltë, revolte (Albanian)

matxinatzeko, to revolt, matxinada, revolt (Basque)

deficio-ficere -feci-fectum, to do less than one might, to fail; revolt, rebel, to fail,
rebello-are, to rebel
tumultuari, revolt


chun éirí amach, to revolt, (éirí, rise) réabhlóid, revolt (Irish)
gus ar-a-mach, to revolt, (Scott)
ar-a-mach, rebellion,
i wrthryfela, to revolt (Welsh)
rivoltare, to revolt, rivolta, revolt
(Italian)
se révolter, to revolt,
révolte, revolt, cabrer, to buck, to revolt, rebel, rise up (French)


બળવો કરવો, Baḷavō  karavō, to revolt, બળવો, Baḷavō, revolt, rebellion (Gujarati)

ayaklanmak, to revolt, isyan, revolt (Turkish)
көтеріліс жасау, köterilis jasaw, to revolt, көтеріліс, köterilis, revolt (Kazakh)

isyon qilmoq, to revolt  isyon, revolt (Uzbek)
исён кардан, isjon kardan, to revolt,  исён, isjon, revolt (Tajik)    

козголоң чыгаруу, kozgoloŋ çıgaruu, козголоң, kozgoloŋ, revolt (Kyrgyz)
бослого гаргах, boslogo gargakh, to revolt, бослого, boslogo, revolt (Mongolian)     

反 抗, Fǎnkàng, to revolt, 反 叛, Fǎnpàn, revolt (Traditional Chinese)
 
 

kātka-, rise, to arise, kātklune, arising (Tocharian)

pahs, to rise, arāi-, to rise, to rebel, halt, arha t., to rebel, to disappear, wakresr/wakresn, rebellion, uakkariie/a, wakrie/a, to revolt, rebel, against, waggariya-, to rebel, to make rebel, to be indignant, marsant-, rebel, spoiled, bad, marsessa-, to rebel, to become evil, to get spoiled, awan, edi nāi- , to rebel, edi, to make rebel , (to lead to the other side), to move, remove, harnamma(r), rebellion, turmoil, fermentation, yeast, hrbnala/i , rebel, turncoat, (Hittite)






to rear, to shy, to buck, to revolt [<Lat. revolvo-volvere-volvi-volutum, to roll backwards, to go over again], rebel, [<Lat. rebellare]

2-3


kabro (KA8RV)
Script Q162;
cabro (CA8RV), Script
Q232


avaguh, to cover, hide, conceal;
gunth, gunthayati, to veil, conceal, hide, cover; chada, pp. channa, to cover, veil, hide, conceal, keep secret tāmasaḥ, dark, obscure, andhaḥ, blind

panhân kardan, پنهان کردن  to hide, cache, cloak, cover, obliterate, shield, shroud, kur, adj., کور blind,  nâbinâ, adj., نابینا  blind, unable to see, târik, تاريك blind, adj.  (Persian)
დამალვა,
damalva, to hide,


დამალვა
ბრმა,
brma, to blind, ბნელი, bneli, to darken (Georgian)


timeri, timari, dark,
#hurri, night (Hurrian)

nāṭilu, in la nāṭilu, uppuu, adj.,  blind, 
uppudu, blind or having an eye defect, perhaps to blind, cause an eye injury, napāu, blind, to gouge out eyes, to kick up dust, turn upside down, etc., šītu, adj., blindness,
ṣalāmu, to turn black, to become dark, to turn dark, purple, to temper metal, da’ummu, du’ummu da’āmu, to become dark, da’ummatu, *du’umiš, adv., darkly, darkness, gloom, da’ummatu, darkness, gloom, eklu, dark, ekēlu, to be dark, erpu, adj., dark, erēpu, to become dark or , dusky,  eṭû, adj., dark, extinguished, eṭû, to be dark, dim, to darken, to be darkened, to become gloomy  ḫašû, dark, cloudy, to darken, mušēkilu, dark (lit. he who makes dark), na’duru, darkened, eclipsed, ādiru, darkening, adirtu, idurtu, hidirtu, edirtu, darkness, misfortune, calamity, obscurement, adru, adirtu, idirtu, dark, sad, ikiltu, ikletu, iklu, darkness, kukkû, darkness as a name of the netherworld, tarkiš,  adv., darkly, tarku, turruku, dark colored, tirku, dark spot, stroke, hit, blow, etc., turku, dark spot, ḫašû, dark, cloudy, (Akkadian)


схаваць,
schavać, to hide, сляпой, sliapoj, blind, цямнець, ciamnieć, to darken, цёмны, ciomny, dark (Belarusian)

chavac, kryc, to
hide,
ciemra,
darkness, ciomny, adj. dark,
slapy, adj.
blind (Belarus)

sakriti, to hide, slijepima, to blind, zatamniti, to darken (Croatian)

ukryć, to hide, ślepy, blind, ciemność, darken, ciemny, dark (Polish)
slēpties, to hide,  uz akli, to blind, pasliktināt, to darken (Latvian)
a se ascunde, to hide, a orbi, to blind,  întuneca, darken (Romanian)
piiloutua, to hide, tehdä sokea, to make blind, tumma, dark, tummentaa, to darken (Finnish-Uralic) 


κρυβω, kryvo, to hide, κάνει τυφλή, kánei tyflí, to make blind; tyfli, blind,   (Greek)
թաքցնել, t’ak’ts’nel, to hide, կույր, kuyr, to blind, մթնել, mt’nel, to darken (Armenian)
fsheh, të fshehtë, to hide,
të verbosh, to blind, errësoj, darken   (Albanian)

Ezkutatu, to hide, itsutu, to blind, ilun, dark, obscure, iluntasuna, darkness  (Basque)

caeco-are, to make blind or dark,
celo-are, to hide,
obscuro-are-avi-atum, to darken,

ater, atra, atrum, dark,
Erebus-i, god of darkness, lower world,

Erebeus-a-um, adj.,

Orcus-i, Orcos, the infernal region, god of the lower world,

temero-are, to darken





a cheilt, to hide, to blind, dall, dorcha, dark, chun dorchadas, to darken (Irish)
gus falach, to hide, gu dall, to blind,
dorcha, dark, gu dorchadas, to darken (Scott)
celu, to hide, conceal, cloak, dissemble;
cuddio, to hide,
conceal, cloak, mask; dirgelu, to secret, conceal, hide, dallu, to blind, dazzle, daze (Welsh)
nascondere, to hide, accecare, to blind,
caeco, obscuro, darken (Italian)
cacher, to hide, conceal, aveugler, to blind, assombrir,  darken (French)

સંતાડવું, Santāḍavuṁ, to hide, અંધ કરવા, Andha karavā, to blind, અંધારું કરવું, Andhāruṁ karavuṁ, darken (Gujarati)
gizlemek, to hide, kör etmek, to blind, karartmak, darken (Turkish)
жасыру, jasırw, to hide, соқыр болу, soqır bolw, to blind, күңгірттеу, küñgirttew. darken (Kazakh)
yashirmoq, to hide, ko'r qilmoq, to blind,  
qoraymoq, darken (Uzbek)
пинҳон кардан, pinhon kardan, to hide, кӯр кардан, kūr kardan, to blind, торик кардан, torik kardan, darken (Tajik)
жашыруу, jaşıruu, to hide, сокур кылуу, sokur kıluu, to blind, караңгылатуу, karaŋgılatuu, darken (Kyrgyz)
нуух, nuukh, to hide,
сохрох, sokhrokh, to blind,  харанхуйлах, kharankhuilakh, darken (Mongolian)
隱藏, Yǐncáng, to hide, 致盲, Zhì máng, to blind, 變暗, Biàn àn, darken (Traditional Chinese)

 ksā-, blind, (Tocharian)

ule-> hide, conceal,  dasuuahh, tasuah, to make blind,
tasuant, blind, dasuwah-, to make blind, dazzle, hanzanas, dankuis, #dankui, nanakussiyant-, dark,  dnkui, dnkuai, dankuis, dnkudr, darkness, black, to become black, dankues, to get dark, dnkues, to become black, dankuuahh, danku(ua)nu, dankuianu, dnkuneske/a, dnku(a)nu, dnkuinu, dnkuah, to make black, hanzanas, dark, nana(n) kussiie/a, nana(n)gus(ie/a), to become dark, gloomy, obscure, #neku, to get dark, marwai, to blacken, tarkuwalāi-, to give someone a dark look,
(GE6-es-), dark   (Hittite)





to make blind, [<OE], hide? darken, [<OE doerc],

hazy [Origin unknown], not clearly defined, vague, obscure, [<Lat.obscurus],
cache, [<Fr.],
 

2-4




See "darken," 10-14,

to make blind, darken, 1-123



cace, Script M8,

See also,
2-49,  to hide,
cela, Script
AG-1;
CELeRIM, Script,
Z582;
celi, Script Z180, Z197, Z263, Z357,
Z412, Z421, Z1040, Z1337, Z1345;
celo (CELV), Script
Z727, Z897, Z1203
celto (CELTV) , Script
Q813– probably celtv or, L.
celator, a
concealor, or
Celtae
arum
, the Celts


CELATI, AG-7

See also,
10-14,

tam, Script L35
tamera, Script PN-2

Orcos, Script CBI-3,

See also,
1-102,
Arepe, N292, N444, R278, Q18,

Arepes, Script N31, N500, N561, N598, N632
x x x x x x see ca8e above

2-5
CAF_, Script ZA-4



x

x

x

Chiana Valley, betwen Sienna and Perugia


x

Chaina, place name, Chiana Valley :
Caina, Caino? Captured by Numicius 468 B.C.

2-6


Chaina (↓aina), Script AB-1;
Caina, Script NC-3

x x cais, apricot tree (Romanian) x Caius = Gaius, abbrev. C, a Roman praenomen, f., Gaia; port of Caieta x Gaius, name

2-7
Cais, Script MA-2











ucchedaniya, adj. to be cut off; anuccho, to cut open, cut up
nas-, nāśayati, to destroy,
mārayati, to kill animals, tāḍayati,to beat, praharati, to strike,  abhitad, to beat,hit, thump, wound



 

thweresaiti [thwares], to cut off, to destroy, mereñcaite [mareñc], to kill, to smite, to destroy, irish [-], to kill, wound; to destroy or kill by wounding, îzhâ [-], sacrifice, milk offerings, wish, desire; abundance, prosperity, comfort; food, ýasna [-], sacrifice, worship, prayer (Avestan)


koštâr, کشتار  slaughter, keštán, کشتن  to annihilate, slaughter, kill, boridan, بریدن, to cut,   cidan, چیدن, to crop, cut down, pick, dispose, nip,  qat' kardán, قطع کردن, to cut, cut off, axe, shear, etc.,  zadan, زدن to cut, beat (Persian)


სასაკლაო, sasaklao, to slaughter, მოკვლა, mokvla, to kill, შემცირება, shemts’ireba, to cut down,  ცემა, ts’ema, to beat, (Georgian)


#urb-, to kill (Urartian)
u(r)b-, slaughter, ašh-, to sacrifice, zašg-, to kill, #ub-, to kill , id-, to beat, crush (Hurrian)

karašû, to slaughter, palāqu, to slaughter, to run through  (with a sword or other weapon), to bore, to pierce, perforate, naksu, slaughtered, ripped, felled, cut off, nakāsu, to slaughter, to kill, cut off, to be slaughtered, to sever, to rip a garment, to diminish in the size of real estate, pulluqu, adj., slaughtered, šagāšu, to slaughter animals, to slay in battle, to murder, strike down, etc.,      šaggaštu , slaughter, massacre, murder, šaggaštu, in ša šaggašti, man commiting violence, šaggāšu,  murderer, šaggāšû, murderous, *adu, in adumma epēšu, to kill, dâku, to kill a person or animal, murder, execute, break a tablet, etc., maqātu, to kill animals in the hunt, defeat an enemy to fall down, etc., nēru, to kill, to slay, hit, strike, etc., ṭerû, to beat, strike, diku, killed, slain, etc., qatālu, to kill, slaughter, cause to slaughter, kilullû, massacre, nakādu, to beat, palpitate, to cause concern, naû, to beat, to be beaten, *naû, adj., beaten, niûtu, beating, niûtu, beating, hitting, tatiptu, sacrificial slaughtering    (Akkadian)

зарэзаць, zarezać, to slaughter, забіць, zabić, to kill, ссекчы, ssiekčy, to cut down, біць, bić, to beat (Belarusian)
scinac, sciac, cut
off, cut down
(Belarus)
na klanje, to slaughter, ubiti, to kill,
smanjiti, to cut down, pobijediti, to beat (Croatian)
do uboju, to slaughter, zabić, to kill, trzebić, to cut down, pobić, to beat (Polish)
kaušanai, to slaughter,
nogalināt, to kill, samazināt, to cut down, Sist, to beat (Latvian)
la sacrificare, to slaughter, ucidă, to kill, a tăia, to cut down, a bate, to beat, (Romanian)
teurastukseen, to slaughter, tappaa, to kill, kaataa, to cut down, lyödä, to beat (Finnish-Uralic)




σε σφαγή, se sfagí, to slaughter, να θυσιάσει, na skotóseis, to kill, na thysiásei, to sacrifice, να κόψω, na kópso, to cut,  να νικήσει, na nikísei, to beat, (Greek)
զոհաբերելու համար,

zohaberelu hamar, to sacrifice, սպանդին, spandin, to slaughter, slay, սպանել, spanel, to kill, ծեծել, tsetsel, to beat (Armenian)
për të sakrifikuar, to sacrifice, për të therur, to slaughter, për të vrarë to kill, për të rrahur, to beat, lodh, to wear down, fatigue, kadencë, cadence [music] (Albanian)

do uboju, to slaughter, mordować, to murder, kill, slaughter, assasinate, masakrować, to massacre, slaughter, butcher, hack, mangle, zabić, to kill, uciąć, to cut, moztu, to cut down, jipoitu, to beat (Basque)

caedis-is, cutting down, slaughter, killing; pers. slain (L. caedis-is; 3rd Decl. Acc. -em>im); Context: of sacrifice of he-goat],
neco-are-avi-atum, to kill, murder,
battuo [batuo]-are, to beat              


 








a mharúa, to slaughter, kill, a mharú, to kill, a ghearradh síos, to cut down, caedence, caedence, chun buille, a bhualadh, to beat (Irish)
marbhadh, to slaughter, kill,
a ghearradh sìos, to cut down,
gu buille, to beat  (Scott)
lladd, to kill, slay,
slaughter, cut,  torri, to break, cut, facture, hack, hew, crop,
i guro, to beat (Welsh)
macellare, to slaughter, sacrificio, sacrifice, ridurre, cut down,  uccidere, to kill, cadenza, cadence, rhythm, battere, to beat (Italian)
tuer,  to kill, slaughter,
abattre, to slaughter, fell, cut down, couper, to cut, sacrifier, to sacrifice, cadence, cadence, battre, to  beat (French)

કતલ કરવી,

Katala karavī, to slaughter, મારવા, Māravā, to kill, કાપવા માટે, Kāpavā māṭē, to cut down, હરાવવુ,  Harāvavu, to beat (Gujarati)  

katletmek, to slaughter, öldürmek, to kill, kesmek, to cut down, b'ye, to beat (Turkish)
сойуға, soywğa, to slaughter, өлтіру, öltirw, to kill,  қысқарту үшін, qısqartw üşin, to cut down, ұру, urw, to beat (Kazakh)
so'yish, to slaughter, ki ga, to kill,  kesmoq, to cut down, urmoq, to beat (Uzbek)
куштан, kuştan, to slaughter, kill, буридан, ʙuridan, to cut down, задан, zadan, to beat (Tajik)
союу, soyuu, to slaughter, өлтүрүү, öltürüü, to kill, кыскартуу, kıskartuu, to cut down, уруу, uruu, to beat (Kyrgyz)
нядлах, nyadlakh, to slaughter, алах, alakh, to kill, бууруулах, buuruulakh, to cut down, цохих, нүдэх, tsokhikh, nüdekh, to beat (Mongolian)
屠宰, Túzǎi, to slaughter, 殺死, Shā sǐ, to kill, 削減, Xuējiǎn, to cut down, 打, , to beat (Traditional Chinese)        


kāw- [B kau], to kill, kolune, killing, koṣt, cut, edge, kärn [B kärn-], to beat, strike (Tocharian)


fa-karsed, cut out (Lydian) 
kurana/i, cut in slices, kursauar/ kursau(a)n, cut off, kuar/ur, to cut, kuri/kurai, cutter, kurama, kuratr/kuratn, cutting, karsnu, kars, cut off, to cancel,     (Luvian)


huek/huk, to slaughter, hogesr/hogesn, slaughtering, kakkur(s?)-, to cut, maim,s kuēnzi, #kwen, kuenna/kuenn, kuen/kun, kuēnzi, #kwen, kuask- to kill, kuēn-> kill, strike, kuemi, I kill, kue(n)/kun/ku(n), to slay, to ruin, to kill, kunant-, killed,  tuhhus->, tuhs, tuhus, tuhsanna/ tuhsanni cut off, separate, to be cut off, separated, tuhsant- , cut, shortened, tuhs-, cut, to separate a girl from her lover, tksan sar, cut in half, divide, tsah/tsahh, tsah/tsh, to beat, to hit,  kartae, to cut off, kukurs, to cut up, mutilate,  kuērzi, kuer/kur, kuers/kurs, to cut, kurutsi, cutter, kuresr/kuresn, cutting,  karsiie/a, to cut up, karsesr/karsesn, cutting, karsat, cutting, removal, sēr happesnāi-, cut up, to take to pieces, waksur?, cut, hattāi-, cut off, to put to death, hazziknu-, to beat,, hit, strike, to fight, harnink->, to destroy, mark-, to cut, distribute,  ark/rk , to cut off, divide, ark, to cut up, to split up, #tupi, to beat, (Hittite)


of slaughter, [<ME, of Scand. origin], killing (re: a sacrifice),[<Lat. sacrificium-i], beat, [<OE bēatan], kill [<ME killen], cut [<ME cutten], murder, [<OE morther], massacre, [<OFr.],  cadence, balanced rythmic beats

2-8


2-9 deleted


caitim, Script Z674;

See also:
.
batyn,  (BATYN), XL-3         

binduka, drop;
cyut, cyotati, to drop, sprinkle' gal, galati, pp. galita, drip, drop, fall, vanish, pass away, galayati, cause to drop, liquify, melt, kṣayaṃ, to collapse, kṣayaḥ, to fall, ruin

cekidan, چکیدن to drop, ofthodaen, افتادن, to fall, drop, plunge, tumble,  kam kardan, کم کردن to decrease, etc., rambydan, رمبیدن  to collapse, tumble, fall (Persian)

დავარდნა,
davardna, to drop, დაცემა, dats’ema, to fall, შემცირება, shemts’ireba, to decrease, ჩამონგრევა, chamongreva, to collapse  (Georgian)

kud-, kut-, to fell, fall turi, low, down
(Hurrian)

maqātu, to descend, to suffer a defeat, to perish, to throw oneself down,  to swoop down, to collapse, to fall down, to fall, to fall in battle, etc., katātu, to descend to the horizon, to submit oneself, to be low, kabāsu, to drop, defeat an enemy, to trample, etc., nadû, to drop, overthrow, load an animal, wagon, cast a net, to disregard an order, rite, etc., to brew beer, etc., nasāk, to deposit silver, to remove an object, to cast aside, reject, etc., natāku, to drop, drip, trickle, etc., ramû, to drop, leave behind, to limp, to  loosen, to permit, etc. (Akkadian) 


выпусціць,
vypuscić, to drop, падаць, padać, to fall, collapse, для памяншэння,
dlia pamianšennia, to decrease, знізіць, znizić, to lower (Belarusian)
puskac, to drop; upadak, fall, drop, collapse
(Belarus)
pasti, to fall, ispustiti, to drop,
smanjiti, to lower, decrease, srušiti se, to collapse (Croatian)
upuścić, to drop, upaść, to fall, obniżyć, to lower, zmniejszyć, to decrease, zawalić się, to collapse (Polish)
krist, to fall, nomest, to drop, samazināties, to decrease,
sabrukt, to collapse (Latvian)
a scapa, to drop, a cădea, to fall, a reduce, to decrease, a se prabusi. to collapse (Romanian)  pudottaa, to drop, pudota, to fall, vähentää, to decrease, sortua, to collapse  (Finnish-Uralic)


να πέσει, na pései, to drop, fall, να μειωθεί, na meiotheí, to decrease, καταρρέω, katarréo, to collapse (Greek)
ընկնել,
ynknel, to fall, թողնել, p’luzvelt’voghnel, to drop  նվազեցնելու համար,
nvazets’nelu hamar, to decrease, փլուզվել, p’luzvel, to abort, collapse fail (Armenian)
për t'u ulur, to decrease, lower, të bjerë, to drop, fall
pakësohem,  to
decrease,
pakësoj, lower, rrëzohet, to tear down, demolish, collapse (Albanian)

tanta, to drop, erori, to fall, gutxiagotu, to decrease,
erortzeko, to collapse, (Basque)

deicere, to drop, cado-ere-cecidi-caesum, to fall, to droop, to diminish, etc.

chun titim, to drop, fall, a shliocht, to descend, a laghdú, to decrease, le titim, to collapse (Irish)
gus tuiteam, to fall, drop, a dhol sìos, to descend, gus lùghdachadh, to decrease,
gu tuiteam, to collapse (Scott)
disgyn
, to descend,
alight, dismount, light, fall, drop, 
gollwng, to
drop, loose, let go,
absolve, discharge,
dismiss, leak,
i leihau, to decrease, i gwympo, to collapse (Welsh)
far cadere, to drop,
calare, to fall, diminuire, to decrease, collassare, to collapse, crollare, to collapse, tumble  (Italian)

abandonner, to drop, abandon, tomber, to  fall, collapse, drop, tumble,  diminuer, to decrease, S'effondrer (French)


મુકવું, Mukavuṁ, to drop, પડવૂ, Paḍavū, to fall, નીચું પડવું, Nīcuṁ paḍavuṁ, to decline, fall down , Ghaṭāḍō, to  decrease, ભાંગી પડવું, Bhāṅgī paḍavuṁ, to collapse (Gujarati)
bırakmak, to drop,
düşmek, to fall, azaltmak için, to decrease, lessen, çökmek, to collapse, crumble (Turkish)
құлау, qulaw, to drop, fall, collapse, азайту, azaytw, to decrease (Kazakh)
tashlamoq, to drop, yiqilish, to fall, 

kamaytirmoq, to decrease, lessen,

qulab tushmoq, to
collapse (Uzbek)

партофтан, partoftan, to drop, афтодан, aftodan, to fall, кам кардан, kam kardan, to decrease, lessen, фурӯ рафтан, furū raftan, to collapse (Tajik)

түшүү, tüşüü, to drop, жыгылуу, jıgıluu, to fall, азайтуу, azaytuu, to decrease, кулоо, kuloo, to collapse (Kyrgyz)

дусах, унах, dusakh, unakh, to drop, унах, to drop, fall, бууруулах, buuruulakh, to decrease, нурах, nurakh, to collapse (Mongolian)
下降, Xiàjiàng, to drop, fall, decrease, 跌倒, Diédǎo, to fall, 減少, Jiǎnshǎo, to decrease, 崩潰, Bēngkuì, to collapse (Traditional Chinese)
 



kārpa- (vb.) 1.  [B kārp-],descend,
[B klāyā-], fall down, klālune, falling, koṣta-, to strike (Tocharian)

tsapie/a, to drip, drop, leak, hark-, to collapse, die, harkiya-, pars(iya)- arha, arha h., awan kata, to collapse, kattan, to fall down, EGIR-pa maus-, to fall backward, to neglect,  isnuwa, to set, settle, lak/lk, to fall, to knock out a tooth, to turn one’s eyes and ears towards something, to train a vine, topple something, lak- lag, to fall, slant, tilt, to submit, lilak, to fell,  mumiadr, to collapse, fall, mauszi, mau/mu, mau/mu/maus, maus-, to fall, muwete?, descendance, walhesr/walhesn, strike, blow (Hittite)

to lower, strike,
descend upon,
decline, set,
drop, decrease, to cut, [<Me cutten], fell, fall, [<OE, faellan], raze, to tear down, demolish, [<Lat. radare, to scrape, lag, fail to keep up, to fall behind

2-10


kali, Script Q360; (See CAL, KALA, KALI above, 2-9,

calo-are; possibly 1st Pers. Ind. Perf. 1st Pers. single calā́vī  or Conj. Pres. 3rd Pers. Single, calet)





kaṭhina (f.  = callous)
kiṇakṛta


saxt,  سخت, callous, grevious, harsh, (saxt, hard) pust, پوست skin,  (Persian)
მძიმე წებოვანი,

mdzime tsebovani, hard skinned (Georgian)


цяжка лупінай,
ciažka lupinaj, hard skinned (ciažka, hard) (Belarusian)
tvrda koža, hard skinned (tvrda, hard) (Croatian)

twarda skóra, hard skinned (Polish)
cieta āda, hard skinned, (cieta, hard) grūti, hard (Latvian)
greu, hard,
cu piele tare, with hard skin (tare, hard) (Romanian)
kovaa nahkaa, hard skinned (kovaa, hard) (Finnish-Uralic)



σκληρό δέρμα, skliró dérma, hard skinned (Greek)
ծանր բծերը,

tsanr btsery, hard skinned (Armenian)
e vështirë i skinnuar, hard skinned (Albanian)

larru gogorra, hard skinned (Basque)


callosus, hard skinned, solid

craiceann crua, hard skinned (crua, hard) (Irish)
craiceann cruaidh, hard skinned (cruaidh, hard) (Scott)
croen caled, hard skinned, (caled, hard) (Welsh)
callosita
, callous, duro, hard, tough (Italian)
calleux, callous, hard, dur, hard (French)

સખત ચામડીવાળું, Sakhata cāmaḍīvāḷuṁ, hard skinned (Gujarati)

sert tenli, hard skinned (sert, hard) (Turkish)
қатты тері, qattı teri, hard skinned (qatti, hard, teri, skin) (Kazakh)

qattiq teri, hard skinned (Uzbek)

пӯсти сахт, pūsti saxt, hard skinned, (saxt, hard) бераҳмона, ʙerahmona, callous  (Tajik)

катуу тери, katuu teri, hard skinned (Kyrgyz)

хатуу арьстай,
khatuu aristai, hard skinned (Mongolian)

硬皮, Yìng pí, hard skinned(Traditional Chinese) пӯсти сахт

callous, hard skinned

2-11


calos, (CALVS),
Script M-1, a name?




koṣṭhaḥ, chamber, room,  vezman, dwelling, house,


khoḍakaśīrṣam, arched roof, vault, nikujja, thicket,
bower, vault; naka, celestial vault,
heaven, sky;
nabhastala [tala, place, like the palm of the hand] celestial vault; apavaraka, bed chamber; bhumigrha,
an underground,

gartaḥ, cell, small cavity, harmyam, dome, house

kamra, کمرا  arched chamber, vault, otâq, اتاق  chamber, room, slul, سلول cell,  (Persian)
პალატა,
palata, chamber, სარდაფით, sardap’it’, vault, ოთახი, otakhi, room, საკანში, sak’anshi, cell, თაღოვანი პალატა, taghovani p’alat’avaulted chamber (Georgian)


*lubbuttu, arch, brick arch?, mušapšiu,  supporting arch?, takkannu, chamber, niche, bench, almu, in bīt alme, niche?, urḫu, in bīt urḫi, chamber or cella, (Akkadian)



камера, kamera, chamber, нумар, numar, room, клетка, klietka, cage, cell, скляпеністая камера, skliapienistaja kamiera, vaulted chamber   (Belarusian)
komora, chamber,
komórka, cell, sklepiona komora, vaulted chamber, soba, room, ćelija, cell (Croatian)
sklepienie, vault
, sala, room, chamber, sklepiona komora, vaulted chamber (Polish)

kamera, chamber, šūna, cell, istaba, room, velvēta kamera, vaulted chamber (Latvian)
cameră, chamber, room, seif, vault,
sala, room, chamber, celulă, chillie, cell, cameră boltităvaulted chamber (Romanian)
kammio, chamber,
huone, room, solu, cell, holvinen kammio, vaulted chamber (Finnish-Uralic)


θάλαμος - Δωμάτιο,
thálamos - domátio, chamber, room, θόλος, thólos, vault, κύτταρο, kýttaro, cell, θολωτός θάλαμος, tholotós thálamos, vaulted chamber  (Greek)
պալատը, 
palaty, chamber, պահոց, pahots’, vault, բջիջ, bjij, cell, սենյակ, senyak, room, chamber, թաղածածկ խցիկ, t’aghatsatsk khts’ik, vaulted chamber   (Armenian)
kube, chamber, kupolë, cupola,  qemer, archway,
dhomë [polit.], dhomëz [anat.], chamber, room, qelizë, cell, dhoma me qemer, vaulted chamber (Albanian)

gela, room, chamber, cell, toki, point, room,
ganbara, vaulted chamber (Basque)

camera-ae, chamber, cella-ae, granary, stall, cell, small room


seomra, chamber, room, bóthair, vault, cill, cell, churchyard, cadhain, cell, seomra boghtach vaulted chamber (Irish)
seòmar, chamber, sneachda, vault,
rùm, room, cealla, cell, seòmar boghtachvaulted chamber (Scott)
llofft, vault, siambr, chamber, beddgell [oedd], vault, catacomb,
cell (oedd-au),  ystafell (oedd), chamber, room, gell, chell, cell, cell, siambr cromennogvaulted chamber (Welsh)
camera, room,
chamber
, cellula, cell, camera a volta, vaulted chamber   (Italian)
pièce, room, salle, room, hall, chambre, chamber, room, house, compartment,
celule, cell, chambre voûtéevaulted chamber   (French)


રૂમ, Rūma, room, કોષ, Kōṣa, cell, 
તિજોરીવાળી ચેમ્બર, Tijōrīvāḷī cēmbara, vaulted chamber (Gujarati)

oda, room, hücre, cell, cabin, tonozlu oda, vaulted chamber (Turkish)
бөлме, bölme, room, ұяшық, uyaşıq, cell, күмбезді камера, kümbezdi kamera, vaulted chamber (Kazakh)
xona, room, hujayra, cell, gumbazli kamera, vaulted chamber (Uzbek)
ҳуҷра, huçra, room, ҳуҷайра, huçajra, cell,
палатаи пӯшида, palatai pūşida, vaulted chamber (Tajik)
бөлмө, bölmö, room, клетка, kletka, cell,
кампалуу камера, kampaluu kamera, vaulted chamber (Kyrgyz)
өрөө, öröö, room, эс, es, cell, хонгилтой танхим, khongiltoi tankhim, vaulted chamber (Mongolian)

房 間, XìbāoFángjiān, room, 細胞, Xìbāo, cell,   拱形房間, Gǒng xíng fángjiān, vaulted chamber vaulted chamber, vaulted chamber (Traditional Chinese)vaulted chamber vaulted chamber

kurekār (n.masc.)  [B kwrakār], house with vaulted roof (Tocharian)


tunnakessar,  (É.ŠÀ), inner chamber (Hittite)

vaulted chamber
[<Lat.
camera-ae], vault?, cell, [<Lat. cella, chamber], room [<OE m], dome [<Lat. domus, house, vault, [<OFr. vaute, >Lat. volvere, to turn]

2-12


CaMaReM,
Script M-74


zvas, zvasiti, zvasati, te, blow, bluster, hiss, whistle, snort, breathe, sigh; lap, lapata (-te), chatter, prate, talk, lament, wail; kaj, kujati, -te, make
inarticulate sounds,
cry, sing, moan, groan
, ratnjam, jewel



nâydan, نالیدن   to sigh, groan, gohar, گوهر gem, jewel 
(Persian)

კვნესა, k’vnesa, groan, moan, samkaulebi, jeweled, ძვირფასი ქვა, dzvirpasi kva, jewel (Georgian)



diglu, gem, precious stone inlay, nâqu, to groan, cry, labû, to groan, growl, howl (Akkadian)








стагнаць, stahnać, moan, groan, каштоўны камень, kaštoŭny kamień, (valuable stone), jewel, gem (Belarusian)

jencec, moan
(Belarus)
stenjati, moan, groan, dragulj, jewel, ukrašen, jeweled (Croatian)

  jęczeć, to groan, jęk, groan, moan, klejnot, gem, jewel, (Polish)
dārgakmens, jewel, jeweled, sērot, groan (Latvian)
geamăt, moan,
bijuterie, jewel, (Romanian)
jyrisyttää, to groan, jalokivikoristeinen, jeweled, helmi, jewel, gem, pearl, (Finnish)





  βογγητό, bogkito, groan, moan, γκρίνια, nkrínia, moan, whimpering, κοσμήματα, kosmímata, jeweled, κόσμημα, kósmima, jewel, gem (Greek)

խոնավություն, khonavut’yun, moan, զարդեր, zarder, jeweled,  (Armenian)
rënkoj, groan, moan, xhevahire, jewel (Albanian)

intziri, groan, intzirika, moan, harribitxia, jewel, bitxi, jewel (Basque)

gemitus-us, a sigh, groan, groaning, gemmatus-a-um,
adorned with jewels;






mengerang, groan, seod, jewel, (Irish)
groan, groan,  seud, jeweled,  (Scott)
gemwaith, jeweled
gemog, adj. jeweled, em, jewel, gem, griddfan, groan, moan, moan,
conach, grumble, moan (Welsh)
gemere, to groan;
gemma, gem, jewel (Italian)
gémir, to groan; c, jewel (French)


રડવું, Raḍavuṁ, groan, બેજવેલ, Bējavēla, bejeweled, રત્ન, Ratna, jewel  (Gujarati)

inilti, groan, mücevher, jewel (Turkish)

ыңырсу, ıñırsw, groan, зергерлік бұйым, zergerlik buyım, jewel (Kazakh)

nola qilmoq, groan, marvarid, jewel (Uzbek)

нолиш, noliş, groan,
ҷавоҳирот, çavohirot, jewel (Tajik)

онтоо, ontoo, groan, асыл таш, asıl taş, jewel (Kyrgyz)

ёолох, yoolokh, groan, үнэт чулуу, jewel, gem (Mongolian)

呻吟, Shēnyín, groan, 寶石, Bǎoshí, jewel (Traditional Chinese)

 

katu, [B ketwe], jewelry (Tocharian)

taskupāi-, to moan, scream, prasha/prusha/prashi, gem, a semiprecious stone, pasila, pebble, gem, semiprecious stone, pasuela, stone object, (Hittite)

bejeweled, jewel
[<OFr. jöel]?, gem, [<Lat. gemma],
a sigh,
groan [<OE
granian]?

2-13


kamito (KAMITV),
Script Q543


anugai to sing after or to, to celebrate in song; pragita, singing; arcayati, -te}, pp. {arcita} (q.v.) cause to shine; honour, salute; stu, stauti, stute, stavate, sing, chant, ga, gayati (-te) & gati, praise, proclaim, call with a song, sing or call to

fragâthremca [fragâthra], chant,
chanting, reciting, recitation, frasraothremca [frasraothra], singing, intoning (Avestan)

sarâyidan, سرودن,  to chant, compose, sing,
xândan, خواندن  to sing,  chant, study, âvâz xândanآواز خواندن  to sing, chant, vocalize (Persian)

მღერიან,
mgherian, to sing (Georgian)

nagû, to sing joyously, nasāsu, to sing, to complain, to wail, aštalû, eštalû, a type of singer, galmāḫu, chief singer of dirges, ariḫu, singer of lamentations, šārūtu, position of a singer, arāḫu, to sing, to sing a lamentation, utter cries of mourning, šēru, inu song or tune, tigû, song, stringed instrument, zimru, song,  zumāru, refrain or burden of a song, zamāu, to sing a song with or without instruments, have singers and musicians perform, to be sung, zamāru, song, literary composition to be sung, zammāru, singer, zammāru, in rab zāmmārȋ, chief singer, zammeru, singer of aspecial type,   (Akkadian)


спяваць, spiavać, to sing (Belarusian)
picsnia, song (Belarus)
pjevati, to sing (Croatian)

śpiewać, to sing (Polish)

grimat, to sing (Baltic-Sudovian) dzied, to sing (Latvian)
cânta, to sing (Romanian)
laulaa, to sing (Finnish-Uralic)


τραγουδώ, tragoudo, to sing, ψάλλω, psallo, chant, sing (Greek)
երգում,
yergum, to sing (Armenian)
këndoj
, to sing
(Albanian)

abestu, to sing, abesti, song (Basque)


cano, canere,
cecin, cantum, to sing


 


canadh, to sing (Irish)
can, va. cantainn,
cantainn, singing,
speaking; seinn, sing (Scott)


canu, to sing, chant, play, crow, ring (Welsh)
kanañ, to sing (Breton)
canto (1) song,
singing (2) corner;
cantare, to sing;
cantante, singer
(Italian)
chanter, to sing, chanteuse, chanteur, singer (French)


ગાવું, Gāvuṁ, to sing (Gujarti)

söylemek, to sing, tell, speak (Turkish)

ән айту, än aytw, to sing, ән салу, än salw, singing (Kazakh)

kuylamoq, to sing (Uzbek)

суруд хондан, surud, to sing, cсароидан, saroidan, to sing (Tajik)

ырдоо, ırdoo, to sing (Greek)

дуулах, duulakh, to sing (Mongolian)

唱歌, Chànggē, to sing, 詠嘆, Yǒngtàn, to sing, chant (Traditional Chinese)
 



ge singing, song (Tocharian)

SIR, to sing,
shmai/shmi, ishamai/ishami, ishamiie/a,  to sing, shmadla, singer, #išhamai, a song, shmai, song, melody (Hittite)



to sing, play, to
prophesy [OE singan], chant, [<Lat. canis, song]

2-14


kane, Script Q46;
kane (KaNE), Script Q65, Q74, Q84, Q95, Q416, Q717, Q775, Q795, Q829, R405
kaneto (KaNETV)
Script Q887
kanev (KaNE8)
,
Script Q821
kantor, (KaNTVR),
Script Q311
KaNI, Script Q442, Q452, Q460, Q805,
R596, R607
KaNIS, Script Q847, R574, R584
see arco

shvaana, kukkura, dog

spâ, span [-],
sûnahe, dog
(Avestan)
sag, سگ dog (Persian)
ძაღლი,
dzaghli, dog (Georgian)


ervi ~ erbi, dog (Hurrian)

kalbu, dog, constellation Hercules, a fish, kalbatu, female dog, bitch, a leather part of the plow, kalbāniš, like a dog, mīrānu, young dog, puppy, cub of a wild animal, kalbu, in ša kalbē, hunting dogs keeper (Akkadian)


сабака, sabaka, dog (Belarusian)
pas, dog (Serbo
Croatian)

sabaka, dog
(Belarus)
pas, dog (Croatian)

pies, dog (Polish)
sunis, dog (Baltic-Sudovian)
suns, dog (Latvian)
câine, dog (Romanian)
koira, dog (Finnish-Uralic)


σκύλος,  skýlos, dog (Greek)
շուն, shun, dog (Armenian)
mashkull,
qen, dog
(Albanian)

txakur, dog (Basque)

canis-is, dog





madra, dog (Irish)
, dog (Scott)

ci, dog  (Welsh)
ki, dog (Breton)
cane, dog (Italian)
chien, dog (French)



કૂતરો, Kūtarō, dog (Gujarati)
köpek, dog (Turkish)

ит, ït, dog (Kazakh)
it, dog (Uzbek)
саг, sag, dog (Tajik)
ит, it, dog (Kyrgyz)   
нохой, nokhoi, dog (Mongolian)
狗, Gǒu, dog (Traditional Chinese)

can, dog (Illyrian)
kan, dog (Lydian)
ku,
krāke, dog  (Tocharian)

swan(i), dog (Luvian)

suwana, kuwas, dog (Hittite)




dog [OE docga]

2-15





kane, Script Q46;
kane (KaNE), Script Q65, Q74, Q84, Q95, Q416, Q717, Q775, Q795, Q829, R405
KaNI, Script Q442, Q452, Q460, Q805,
R596, R607
KaNIS, Script Q847, R574, R584,

See also,
2-37, puppy,
KATeLE, Script R339,
KATeLES, Script
R413, R474
KATeLO
(KATeLV)
, Script R370, R394, R499,



x

x

x

x

x

x

Chaneri, gens?

2-16


Kaneri, Script BS-11, VP-14


x

x

x

x

Cannae-arum [f.pl]

x

place name, Cannae?

2-17


Canin, Script Z19, Z29, Z1177

palita, grey, hoary; vidhumra, adj. quite grey, sefid, adj., grey, white, hoary, pāṇḍu, pale white, balak a, white (color), sudhā, -lepaḥ, plaster

aurushahe [aurusha], white (Avestan)

xâkestari, خاکستری , grey, ashen, blanched,
sefid, adj, grey, white, snowy, hoary, kahane, کهنه, aged, ancient, well worn, pir, پیر, old, ancient, antedeluvian, senior,  qadimy, قدیمی, old, ancient, primitive, gač, گچ,  plaster, chalk, gypsum (Persian)
თეთრი, tetri, white,
ნაცრისფერი,
natsrisperi, grey, თაბაშირის, tabashiris, plaster (Georgian)

littūtu, extreme old age, labīrūtu, old age, long duration,
*paršumu, to let live to old age, to be blessed with old age, nissatu, old age, weakness?, peṣû, white, pale, bleached, cleared, emptied of vegetation, obstructions, etc., sintered, puṣṣû, white, *puû,  white gold,  u white of the eyes, white spot, fleck, mark,  gaṣṣu, whitewash, gaṣṣu, in mê gaṣṣi, whitewash, šallapittu, a type of plaster or clay, type of footwear,
šallaru, plaster, mud, mortar (Akkadian) 


шэры, šery, grey, бел, biel, white, тынк, tynk, plaster  (Belarusian)
sivy
, sery, adj.
grey,
bijela, white (Belarus)
siva, grey, bijela, white, gips, plaster  (Croatian)

szary, grey, biały, white, gips, plaster (Polish)
pelēks,
grey, balts, white, apmetums, plaster (Latvian)
gri, grey, alb, white, ghips, gypsum, plaster (Romanian)
harmaa, grey,
valkoinen, white, kipsi, plaster (Finnish-Uralic)


γκρί, nkrí, grey, λευκό, lefkó, leuko, white, γύψος, gýpsos, plaster (Greek)
մոխրագույն,
mokhraguyn, grey, սպիտակ, spitak, white, սվաղ,
svagh, plaster
ˈplastər
10/5000
սվաղ
svagh
(Armenian)
vjec
, aged, gri, grey, përhihet, to become grey, e bardhë, white, suva, plaster (Albanian)

pitsa, zurbil, pale, gris, grey,  zuri-, white,
igeltsuzko, plaster (Basque)

canus-a-um, whitish, grey, aged
pallare, to become pale, albeo-ere, to become white, to dawn, gypsum-i, plaster, gypsum, alabaster,
emplastrum-i, plaster


liath, grey, bán, white, plástair, plaster (Irish)
liath, grey, geal, white,
plàstair, plaster (Scott)
llwyd (loyd), brown, grey, pale, hoary, gwen, white, plastr, plaster (Welsh)
vedi, grey, pallida, pallido, pale, bianca, bianco, white, gesso, plaster (Italian)
gris, grey; vieux, viell, vielle, aged, old, pâle, pale, blanc, white, plâtre, plaster (French)

ભૂખરા, Bhūkharā, grey, સફેદ, Saphēda, white, પ્લાસ્ટર, Plāsṭara, plaster (Gujarati)
gri, grey, boz, grey, beyaz, white,
siva, plaster, stucco (Turkish)

сұр, sur, grey, ақ, aq, white, гипс, gïps, plaster (Kazakh)

kulrang, grey, ashen, oq, white, gips, plaster, suvoq, plaster, daub (Uzbek)
хокистарӣ, xokistarī, grey, сафед, safed, white, гач, gac, plaster (Tajik)
боз, boz, grey, Ак, ak, white, гипс, gips, plaster (Kyrgyz)
саарал, saaral, grey,  цагаан, tsagaan, white, гипс, gips, plaster (Mongolian)
灰色,
Huīsè, grey, 白色, Báisè, white, 石膏,   Shígāo, plaster (Traditional Chinese)   

miyahwanz,
ŠU-GI, old,
has, hās, hāss-, ash, hargi/hargai, #harkiš, harkis,  harki-, white, clear, white, harkies, to become white, #alpa, white,  harnu, to whiten, saku(a)ni, plaster, mud (Hittite)


name? aged,
whitish
grey [OE graeg],
hoary, [OE hār],  pallid, [<Lat. pallare], white, [<OE hw
īt], gesso, [<plaster, [<Lat. emplastrum?],
ashen, [<OE asce],
white, [<OE hw
īt]


2-18



canua (CANFA) canba,
Script Z1319


(he had sung?, canḗbat)





śiraskam, cap, skull cap, kulapati, head of a famly; zirsan, head; nirvyudhi, issue, end, top, summit; culaka, tuft, crest, adj., culika, comb of a
cock, crest, summit


kolâh, کلاه  cap, crown, hat, kaskat, 
کاسکت cap, helmet (Persian)

კეპი, cap, cap, ქუდი, kudi, hat, cap (Georgian)

kubšu, cap, part of the exta, cap of a seal, headdress, a part of the plow, name of a bird, lit., "my cap is multicolored," a part of the human body, pingu, cap, knob, finial, panāgu, to cap, to mount (Akkadian)

вечка, viečka, cap, шапка, šapka, cap, капялюш, kapialiuš, hat  (Belarusian)
sapka, cap,
kapitan,
captain, stalica, capital (Belarus)
kapa, cap, hat (Croatian)

czapka, cap, covering, head (Polish)
cepure, hat, cap, headdress (Latvian)
capac, cap, cover, lid, cowl, şapcă, cap, pălărie, hat, cap, headgear  (Romanian)
korkki,cap, hattu, hat (Finnish-Uralic)



καπάκι, kapáki, cap, καπέλο, kapélo, hat (Greek)
գլխարկ,
glkhark, cap (Armenian)
kasketë, kësulë,
helmetë, kapak,
skufje,
kupë,
shkronja
kapitale,
cap (Albanian)


caput-itis, the head; also the top, summit, extremity, source;
capitaneus, command


caipín, cap,
hata, hat (Irish)
caip, cap, ad, hat (Scott)
cap-iau, cap; cochl-au, mantell-oedd, pall-on, mantle, het, hat (Welsh)
cappa, cap, capello, cap, hat (Italian)
capuchon, capuche, hood, cowl, chapeau, cap, hat, (French)


કેપ, Kēpa, cap, ટોપી, Ṭōpī, hat, cap (Gujarati)

şapka, cap, hat, headgear (Turkish)

қақпақ qaqpaq, cover, lid, cap, шляпа, şlyapa, hat, cap (Kazakh)
shapka, hat, cap (Uzbek)
калапӯш,
kalapūş, cap, hat (Tajik)

шляпа, şlyapa, hat, cap (Kyrgyz)

малгай, malgai, hat, cap (Mongolian)
帽, Mào, hat, cap (Traditional Chinese)
 

lopani, royal cap (Hittite)

vault, mantle,
frock, cowl, cap
[<LLat.
cappa]?, hat, [<OE h æt]

2-19


cap, Script N149
cape, Script K74

x

x

x

x

Capri?

x

name? Capari, Capri?

2-20


capari, Script ZB-4,
Z842, Z1770





aja, ajaa; basta, a goat, chāgaḥ, he goat



būza, goat, anumayanãm [anumaya], goat, small cattle, a sheep  (Avestan)

boz بز   goat (Persian)
ის თხა,
is t’kha, he goat (Georgian)

ḫanzu, a goat,
gizzu, male goat, enzu, goat (generic term), immeru, goats and sheep, mašgallu, male goat, urīu, billy goat, *mašgallû, pertaining to a goat, azzatu, she-goat (Akkadian)



ён казёл, jon kaziol, he-goat, казу, kazu, she-goat (Belarusian)
jarac (Serbo
Croatian) on je kozu, he-goat,
kaza  she-goat, (Croatian)

on kozi, he-goat, ona kozi, she-goat (Polish)
azukas, he-goat; aze, she-goat
(Baltic-Sudovian)
viņš kaza, he-goat,
viņa kazas, she-goat (Latvian)
el capră, he-goat, ea capra ea capra, she-goat (Romanian)
hän vuohi, he-goat,
she-goat (Finnish-Uralic)


τον κατσίκι, ton katsiki, he goat, αυτή κατσίκα, aftí katsíka, she-goat, tragos, gida, goat
(Greek)
նա այծ,
nsa ayts, he-goat, she-goat (Armenian)
ai dhi, he goat, ajo dhi, she-goat,
(Albanian)

ahuntz
, goat,
ahuntza zuen, he goat, she goat (Basque)

caper-ri




gabhar, he-goat, she-goat (Irish)

an gobhar, he-goat, boc, gabhar, she-goat (Scott)
gafr,
he-goat, hi gafr, she-goat (Welsh)
lei capralui capra, he-goat, lei capra she-goat,  (Italian)

il bouc, he-goat, elle  chévre, she-goat
(French)


તેમણે બકરી, Tēmaṇē bakarī, he-goat, તે બકરી, Tē bakarī, she-goat (Gujarati)

o keçi, goat, he-goat, she-goat,  teke, he-goat, billy goat (Turkish)

ол ешкі, ol eşki, he-goat, she-goat (Kazakh)

u echki, he-goat, she-goat (Uzbek)

ӯ буз, ū ʙuz, he-goat, she-goat (Tajik)

ал эчки, al eçki, he-goat, she-goat (Kyrgyz)

тэр ямаа, ter yamaa, he-goat, she-goat (Mongolian)
他山羊, Tā shānyáng, he-goat, she-goat (Traditional Chinese) 




goat-’, āṣi* (adj.)  [B aṣiye] she-goat, ās [B ās], n. (Tocharian)

MÁŠ.GAL,
 he-goat (Hittite)


he-goat [<OE gat]

2-21


caper, Script Z532, Z674
capere, Q297
caperi, Script ZB-4, Z842, Z1770;
(See Note 1)




jānāti, vi-, to know,


ityabodhisaḥ, to understand, know
cit, cetati, -te,
perceive, observe,
attend to, take care of, conceive, understand,
know; budh, bodhati, wake, awake, perceive,
understand, regard or know;
vid, vetti,
understand, learn,
perceive, experience,
feel; think or be
mindful of, believe,
suppose, know




-, to know, think,
dãstvãm [dãstvâ], knowledge,  tovid- [-], vaêdâ [vaêd, vid], vaêdha [-], to know, vîdvå [vîdhvangh], knowing, cistâ [-], knowledge, insight, wisdom, manangha [manangh], mind, thought, thinking, purpose, frâyô-humatô [frâyô-humata], rich in good thoughts, ushi [-], understanding, intelligence (Avestan)



daryâftan,  دریافتن   to grasp, comprehend, to understand, fahmidan, فهمیدن to understand, dânestan, دانستن to know (Persian)
აგება,
gageba, to understand,
ცოდნა, tsodna, to know (Georgian)


pal-, to  know (Hurrian)

le’û, to understand something, to master, to overpower someone, to be lost, etc., lamādu, to know each other, to understand, to study, take note, to become knowledgeable, to become aware, to teach, etc., akā mu, to understand, to be recognizable, prescribe, etc., to know, murqu, understanding, ḫasīsu, understanding, ear, faculty of hearing,
issatu, understanding, notification, mention, intelligence, divine grace, edû, to know, idû, to know something or somebody, to be experienced, to recognize, etc, edūtu, knowledge, mudû, knowing something or somebody, knowledgable, etc., nēmequ, knowledge, experience, wisdom, skill, cunning, uznu, ear, attention, wisdom, understanding, part of a plant, handle (Akkadian)

 

разумець, razumieć, to understand, ведаць, viedać, to know (Belarusian)
razumiec, zrasumiec, to
understand (Belarus)
razumjeti, to understand,
znati, to know (Croatian)
znac, to know (Polish)
saprast, to understand,
zināt, to know (Latvian)
a întelege, to understand,
știi, to know (Romanian)
ymmärtää, to understand,
tietää, to know (Finnish-Uralic)


να καταλαβεις, na katalaveis, to understand
κατανοώ, katanoo,
to understand, comprehend,
για να ξέρεις, gia na xéreis, to know  (Greek)
հասկանալ, haskanal, to understand, իմանալ, imanal, to know (Armenian)
të kuptosh, to understand,
marr vesh, I hear, understand,
mendoj, I think,  kujtoj, recall, besoj, I believe,  dish, to know (Albanian)

capire, to
to take, seiw, to catch, capture, occupy, charm, cheat,
assume, etc., intellego-egere-exi-ectum, to understand,  comperire, to understand,
scio-ire--ivi-itum, to know, to have skill

chun thuig, to understand, a fhios, to know (Irish)
a thuigsinn, to understand,
fios a bhith agad, to know (Scott)
i ddeall to understand,
i gwybod, to know (Welsh)
capire, to understand,
sapere, to know (Italian)
entendre, to hear, comprendre, to understand,
à savoir, to know (French)


સમજવું, Samajavuṁ, to understand, જાણવા, Jāṇavā, to know (Gujarati)
anlamak, to understand,
bilmek, to know, understand (Turkish)

түсіну, tüsinw, to understand, білу, bilw, to know (Kazakh)

tushunmoq, to understand, bilmoq, to know (Uzbek)

фаҳмидан, fahmidan, to understand, донистан, donistan, to know (Tajik)

түшүнү, tüşünüü, to understand, билүү, bilüü, to know (Kyrgyz)

ойлгох, oilgokh, to understand, мэдэх, medekh, to know  (Mongolian)
理 解,
Lǐjiě, to understand, 知道, Zhīdào, to know (Traditional Chinese)
 

kärsā- [B kärsā-] to know, understand, let know, tell, announce, knā-  [B knā-], to know, knānal, knowing, knānmune, knowledge kärs/śar, to know, kärsām, knowing, kärsālune, knowledge, understanding (Tocharian)

warpa/i, knowledge, craft, skill (Luvian)





sakinu-, to understand?, sākkisakk/skk, sek-, sak-, sak/sk, to know about, to experience, to heed, to pay attention to, to recognize, to remember, to be expert in, sekkant-, known, conscious , isduwa-> to be known, well-known, to become famous, #parjanaza (Hieroglyphic), to know, idālawanni kittari, it is poorly understood (Hittite)


to understand [<OE understandan], to know [<OE cndwan], cite, [<Lat. citare, to mention], idea, [<Gk.], educate, [<Lat. educare, to rear, train]

2-22


cape, K74
caper, Z532, Z674
capere, Q297
caperi, ZB-4, Z842, Z1770
kapire
, Script, N689, N725, R286, R554, R633
kapirus (KAPIRVS) Script Q683,

See also,
8-52, to know,

ce, Script TC-1, TC140, TC58, TC61, TC190, R173, R177, AH-11, Au9
scinir, Script K124;
scis, Script Q127, Q139,
sco ne (SCV) NE, Script K154, "know not."
skenem (SKENEM) Script XA-33,

x

x

capoi, big head (Romanian)

x

Capua-ae

x

Capua, chief town
of Campania?

2-23


Capui (CAPVI), Script Au67

puraetr, who goes before, leader;
senavaha,
camunatha, camupa, pati, leader of an army;
sarthapati, chief
or leader of a caravan; gramika, chief of a village; nipa, chief, master,
cūḍā, of the head, summit,
mahātman, principal, chief, nāyakaḥ, manager, chief, īśaḥ, lord, raj, rajati, -te,
rasti
; to reign, rule,
rajan, king, ruler



,



vîspaitîm [vîspaiti], head of the clan (ahm), the master of a street or borough, ukhra [-] , strong, powerful; firm, steady, jar, mighty, xshi [-] , to govern, rule, fratemem [fratema], leader, head,  highest, foremost, uppermost, top, ahu [-], ahura [-], lord (Avestan)

rahbarرهبر leader, captain, commander, skipper, farmândeh, فرمانده admiral, leader, chief, commandment, governor, sar,
سر head, sâh, ادشاه  pâdsâh, king; pâdsâhi, kesvar, kingdom, šâhân, شاه, king, soltân, king, baron, grand Turk,
sahbânu, sahrbânu, شهبانو, queen, 
malake, king  (Persian)

მეთაური, met’auri, commander, ლიდერი, lideri, leader, მთავარი, mt’avari, chief, ხელმძღვანელი, khelmdzghvaneli, head, მეფე, mepe, king, დედოფალი, dedopali, queen (Georgian)

pāġi/e,
paḫi, pâḫi head, šarri, šarr-a-šše, king, ever-ni, king, lord   (Hurrian)

kaqqadu, head, qaqqadu, head, head of an organnization, head tax, person, self, leader, top, top part, beginning (of time spans), original amount, principal, a stone, adû, gešṭû, igisû, massû, ussangu, leader,   ālik pani, leader, superior, member of a class of workmen, ālik-panûtu, maššûtu?, leadership, ašaridu, leader, foremost, first, lead (animal), high ranking, vanguard, ašaridūtu, leadership in battle, prowess, highest rank, ummānu, in rab ummāni, leader of troops, of a workforce, mu’irrūtu, leadership, command, ālikūt mahri, leadership of the army, šarrūtu, to rule as king, šarru, (when refering to foreigners, often petty king, tribal chief), (Akkadian)



kamandzir, commander, лідэр, lider, leader, камандзір,
галава,
halava, head, каралева, karalieva, queen, кароль, karoĺ, king (Belarusian)
zahadcyk, commander, pravadyr, leader; halava,
head (Belarus)
zapovjednik, commander, vođa, leader, glava, head, kraljica, queen, kralj, king  (Croatian)
komandieris, commander,
līderis, leader, galvu, head, ķēniņš, king (Latvian)
krolowa, queen, król, king (Polish)
comandant, commander, lider, leader,  cap, head, căpetenie, chief, head, chieftan, commander, regină, queen, rege, king (Romanian)
komentaja, commander, pää, head, johtaja, leader,
kuningatar, queen, kuningas, king (Finnish-Uralic)



διοικητής, dioikitís commander, ηγέτη, igétis, leader, κεφάλις, kefáli, head, archigos, leader, head, πηγή πηγή pigi, source, βασίλισσα, vasílissa, basilissa, queen, Βασιλιάς, Vasiliás, Basilias, king  (Greek)

ϝάναξ, wánax, lord, tribal chief (Mycenaean)
առաջնորդը,
arrajnordy, leader, գլուխ, glukh, head, հրամանատար, hramanatar, commander, թագուհին, t’aguhin, queen, թագավորը, t’agavory, king (Armenian)
komandant, commander, udhëheqës, leader, drejtues,
dirigjent, conductor, kokë, kryetar, head,  komandant,  head, mbretëreshë, queen, mbret, king (Albanian)

lider, leader, buruzagi, chief, leader, buru, head, chief, komandante, commander,
errege, king, erregina, queen (Basque)

caput-itis, head,

regnum-i, kingship, monarchy, sovereignty









ceannasaí, commander, ceannaire, leader, ceann, head, , king, banríon, queen ríocht, kingdom, (Irish)
ceannard, leader, commander,
ceann, head, rìgh, king, bhanrigh, queen, (Scott)
pennaeth, head,
chief, top, apex, end, extremity, commander, blaenor-iaid, leader, elder, deacon,
rhi, king, lord, brenhiniaeth,
kingdom,
brenhines, queen, (Welsh)

comandante, commander, capo, head, top, end, cape, chief, boss, re, regno, king, regina,  queen,
regno, kingdom,
reggere, to reign
 
(Italian)

commandant, commander, chef, leader, capote, hooded
greatcoat, capot, cloak bonnet, cover,
tête, reine queen; règne,  reign; règner, to reign, rule, hold, sway, prevail, régir, to rule, govern, administer head, roi, king (French)


કમાન્ડર,
Kamānḍara, commander, નેતા, Nētā, leader, માથું, Māthuṁ, head, રાજા, Rājā, king, રાણી, Rāṇī, queen (Gujarati)

komutan, commander,  leader, baş, head, chief, Kral, king, Kraliçe, queen   (Turkish)
командир, komandïr, commander, көшбасшы, köşbasşı, leader, басbas, head, патша, patşa, king, патшайым, patşayım, queen  (Kazakh)
qo'mondon, commander, rahbar, leader, bosh, head, chief, shoh, king, qirol, king, malika, queen, qirolicha, queen  (Uzbek)
командир, komandir,    пешво, peşvo, leader, сар, sar, head, поirolicha, queenдшоҳ, podşoh, king, шоҳ, şoh, king (Tajik)     

командир, komandir, commander, лидер, lider, leader, баш, baş, head, падыша, padışa, king, ханыша, hanışa, queen (Kyrgyz)

командлагч, komandlagch, commander, удирдагч, udirdagch, leader, толгой, tolgoi, head, хаан, khaan, king, хатан хаан, khatan khaan, queen, (Mongolian)
指揮官, Zhǐhuī guān, commander, 領導者, Lǐngdǎo zhě, leader, 首席,  Shǒuxí, head, chief, 王, Wáng, king, 女王, Nǚwáng, queen (Traditional Chinese)
 

kākmärtik, ruler, master, kākmart [B kamarto*] master, sovereign, kälā-, lead, to bring, āk-  āk-, lead, drive,  walo, king {A/B] (Tocharian)


xñtawata-: A xñtawatã, L xñtawata, G adj. L xñtawatahi, kingship,
, xñtawat(i)-: N/D xñtawati, AblI xñtawatedi, king (Lycian)
xñtaba-: 3rd imper. xñtabatu, to regulate, xñtaba-: A xñtabã/xñtabu, G adj. xñtabasi, xñtawaza-: N xñtawaza ( (Mylian)

nana, to lead (Luvian)

GAL, chief, great, SAG, #harmahi, #naršam, head, trna, head, skull, a small measure, tapariiae, tbarie/a, to lead, to decide, to rule, to reign, tbariali, commander, lopani, royal cap,  saladr/salan, kingship, rulership, greatness, (Hittite)


the head, leader, [OE Laeden]
source,
director,
commander, [OFr. comander], captain, [<LLat. capitaneus],
regent, [<Lat. regere, to rule],

queen [<OE
cwen], king [<OE
cyning]
2-24


caputis (CAPVTIS),
Script
Q117;
caputo (CAPVTV),
Script
Q84, Q162,


See also,
7-56. to rule,
rek, Script Q500,
R542, R546
rekin (REKYN), Script XS-1
regl (REbL), Script Q534, Q661, Q726, R22;
regle (REbLE), Script Q784, Q805
reglo (REbLV)
Script Q754,

See also,
8-8:

rin, Script Z1203,
rina, Script Z530, TC201, K-10, K31, K47, K70, K92, K101, K108, K147, K163, K181, S22, DA-9
rine, Script N21, N53, N553, N624, Q488
rines, Script Z1378
rino (RINV), N160,
N260, N254,| N417
rinor (RINVR), Script Z432
ryna Script J-1
rinu (RINF), Script Z960, K67
rinos (R

7-58,"king, queen,"
rena, Script Aph 22, PA9
rene, Script Z42, K146
ReNI, Script AP-1
roi (RVI) Script Z606, Z776, Z1161, Z1310, Z1334, Z1386, Z1578, Z1780, TC28, AT-10, L31, AM-3; MS-1, AF19, AM-3, FR-2, L17, RA-4, PQ-10, K177, BE-11, J42-7
roial (RVIAL), Script AT-10?
roim (RVIM), Script Z1243
rois (RVIS), Script Z1623, BT-10,


See also,
1-136:


avle, Script K46, AF-1, AL-1, TC90, TC241, TC279;
avles, Script TC90
aule
(AFLE),
Script T-1;
auli, (AFLI)*,






priyaḥ, beloved, ayi priye, o my beloved, kānta, beautiful, cinta, thought,
consideration,
reflection, care or
sorrow about;
anyacinta, thought or care of some one else;
caru, pleasant, lovely, beautiful, dear, bahumūlyatā, costliness





tavajoh, توجه care, tavajjoh kardán, توجه کردن to protect, watch, baby care, ma'šuq, معشوق beloved, sweetheart, geron, گران costly (Persian)

იზრუნო,
izruno, to care for, ზრუნვა, zrunva, care, ძვირფასო, dzvirp’aso, dear, საყვარელი,
saqvareli, beloved,
ძვირადღირებული, dzviradghirebuli, costly (Georgian)

parāsu, to take care of a person or situation, to wean, to cut off, to distinguish, etc.,
paqādu, to take care of a house, animals, to assign persons, to inspect, to count, etc., palāḫu, to care for, to perform service, to be terrible, to respect, etc., idû, to care for something or somebody, to be aware, recognized, to neglect, etc., maṣṣartu, proper care for fields, animals, etc., watch, serve palace, etc., ḫasāsu, care for, to think of a person, to listen, etc., kanûtu, beloved, an epithet of goddesses, honored, worshipped,
kunnû, adj., beloved, smoothed, honored (said of deities),
ḫišitu, beloved object, desirable, useful, needed,
mudādu, tarāmu, beloved one, namaddunarāmtu, beloved one, narāmu, beloved one, favorite, he who loves, free will, goodwill, etc., ḫašduk, adj., beloved or the like,
, tappātu, beloved, rival, second-ranking wife, corresponding object, etc. nasqu, costly, choice, precious, sorted, preeminent, etc., zunnu, care,   taknītu, care, solicitude (Akkadian)

клапаціцца, klapacicca ab, to care for; сыход, sychod, care; даpari, darahi, dear, каханы, kachany, beloved, затратна, zatratna,  costly  (Belarusian)
абapieka, achova, care, protection, kaho, to care for;
sanowny, adj.
dear
(Belarus)
brinuti za, to care for, briga, care, draga, dear, beloved, skup, costly (Croatian)

dbać o, to care for, opieka, care, drogi, dear, ukochany, beloved  kosztowny, costly (Polish)
rūpēties par, to care for, aprūpe, care,
mīļotā, beloved, dārgs, costly   (Latvian)
a tine la ceva, to care for,
îngrijire, care, dragă, dear, iubit, beloved, costisitor, costly (Romanian)
pitää huolta, to care for, hoito, care, rakas, dear, rakastettu, beloved, kallis, costly (Finnish-Uralic)



να φροντίζει, na frontízei, to care for, αγαπητός, agapitos, dear, beloved, δαπανηρός, dapanirós, costly,   (Greek)
հոգ տանել, hog tanel, to care for,    ոգ, hog, care; սիրելի, sireli, dear, սիրելի, sireli, beloved, թանկ արժե, t’ank arzhe, costly (arzhe, "worth it,") (Armenian)
të kujdesesh për, to care for,
kujdes, care; i dashur, dear, beloved, kushtueshëm, costly
(Albanian)


zaindu, to care for,  arreta, care, maitea, dear, beloved, garesti, costly (Basque)

curo-are, to care for, cure, rest;
carus-a-um, high-priced, dear, costly; transf. dear, beloved;
careo-ere-ui, to be without, be absent from

chun aire a thabhairt, to care for, daor, dear, grámhar, beloved, costasach, costly (Irish)
gus cùram, to care for,
cùram, care, brònach, dear, ghràdhaich, beloved, costasach, costly (Scott)
i ofalu amdano, to care for,
goful, care, annwyl, dear, beloved, yn gostus, costly (Welsh)
prendersi cura di, to care for, cura, care, caro, dear, amate-ti, beloved, costoso, costly,  (Italian)
s'occuper de, to care for, les soins, care,
cher, dear, costly  (French)


માટે કાળજી, Māṭē kāḷajī, to care for,
કાળજી, Kāḷajī, care, પ્રિય, Priya, dear, beloved, મૂલ્યવાન, Mūlyavāna, costly (Gujarati)

bakımı için, to care for, bakim, care, sevgili, dear, beloved, pahalı, costly (Turkish)

қамқорлық жасау, qamqorlıq jasaw, to care for, қымбаттым, сүйікті, süyikti, dear, beloved,қымбат, qımbat, costly (Kazakh)

g'amxo'rlik qilish, to care for, sevikli, dear, beloved, qimmat, costly (Uzbek)
ғамхорӣ кардан, ƣamxorī kardan, to care for, ғамхорӣ, ƣamxorī, care,  дӯстдошта,  dūstdoşta, beloved, гарон, garon, costly (Tajik)

кам көрүү, kam körüü, to care for, care, сүйүктүү, süyüktüü, beloved, кымбат, kımbat, costly (Kyrgyz)

халамжлах, khalamjlakh, to care for, халамж, khalamj, care, хайрт, khairt, beloved, үнэтэй, ünetei, costly (Mongolian)
照顧, Zhàogù, to care for, 關心, Guānxīn, care, 心愛, Xīn'ài, beloved, 昂貴, Ángguì, costly (Traditional Chinese)            
  
   

āneñci, carefully, distinctly, B lare/A lyār, dear (Tocharian)
 

-anda, to take care, lead, to bring?, to turn back, āppa tiya-, look after, arsiya-, to take care of oneself, to eat well, ar-, to care for, to walk, to stay, stand, asnu, to take care of,
snu, to take care of, be done with, to deliver, assianu, to care, make beloved, penna, to take care of, build, to keep, to keep, to drive, to make trot, to move, parā handāta, care, wisdom, wassa-, to be dear, assiyant- , dear, loved, friend, (Hittite)



to care for; [<OE cearu]
to be
absent [<Lat. abense (abesse) to be away] from, dear, [OE dēore] cherished, costly, [<Lat. constare, to cost]

2-25


car, Script Z582;
caro,(CARV), Script K13
care, Script PL-21



(See also Kare below)
2-26





rakṣati, to cherish,  lālayati, to cherish,










hvarenanghaca [hvarenangh], favor, fortune or divine grace, good things, ýânem [ýâna], favor, gift (Avestan)
gerâmi dâstan, گرامی داشتن to cherish (Persian)

ვაფასებთ,
vapasebt, to cherish (Georgian)




песціць, piescić, to cherish (Belarusian)
njegovati, to cherish (Croatian)

cieszyć się, to cherish (Polish)
lolot, to cherish, (Latvian)
a pretui, to cherish, (Romanian)
vaalia, to cherish (Finnish-Uralic)


να αγαπάς, na agapás, to cherish (Greek)
փայփայել, p’ayp’ayel, to cherish (Armenian)
mbaj gjallë, to cherish (Albanian)

zaindu, to cherish (Basque)


carus-a-um, adj. high priced, dear
Transf. dear, beloved;
caritas-atis,
dearness,
foveo-ere, fovi, fotum, to warm, keep warm, to fondle, keep, to cherish, love


a chaomhnú, to cherish, (Irish)
a dh 'ionnsuidh, to cherish
(Scott)
i fwynhau, to cherish, 

(Welsh)

amare, to cherish, love (Italian)

chérir, to cherish, love dearly (French)

વળગવું, Vaḷagavuṁ, to cherish (Gujarati)

beslemek, to cherish (Turkish)
қадірлеу, qadirlew, to cherih (Kazakh)

qadrlash, to cherish (Uzbek)

қадр кардан, qadr kardan, to cherish (Tajik)

баалоо, baaloo, to cherish (Kyrgyz)
эрхэмлэх, erkhemlekh, to cherish (Mongolian)

珍 惜, Zhēnxī, to cherish (Traditional Chinese)


asa-: 3rd asati, favor, to love (Lycian)

sukre- (?): A sukr
, DL sukri,  favorable (Mylian)

isarwaia, favorable, isarwili(a), favorable, on the right hand (Luvian)


assula-, favor, greeting, well-being,   asuladr/asulan, well-being, kanissuwar, favor, goodwill, duddumar, favor, mercy, lazziya-, (SIG5), to be favorable,  to get better, to be in better health, to set straight, to rectify (Hittite)

beloved, dear, high-priced,
to cherish

2-26


kare, Script Q406;
karen, Script R219
karo (KARV), Script
N294;

kareto (KARETV),
Script N341





śarīram, body of an animal, śarīra-, body,  hariira,
shariiaram, shava
(cadaver)
māṁsam, flesh,
kāya-, body, māṃsāhāraṃ, flesh-meat, 
, asti astasca [asti,
asta] body,
astô [asta], of the body, dispatched, sent, a messenger,  kehrp [-], body, corpse, flesh, form, shape, tanu [-], body, person (Avestan)
tan, تن badan, بدن body, flesh, corpse,
gust
گوشت flesh, meat, brawn, etc.,
mâhiče , ماهیچه flesh, muscle, lâsh, lâsheلاشه corpse (Persian)
ხორცი, khorts’i, flesh, meat, სხეული, skheuli, body (Georgian)

side?, body (Urartian)
'uzi, meat,
edi, ed(i)-, body, person, self (Hurrian)

minītu, body, limbs,  length, etc.,  lānu, body, figure, appearance, self,  lānu, person, body, size, shape, figure, configuration, stature, etc.,  kabattu ,  inside of the body, liver?, emotions, thoughts, etc., napištu, body, self, herd animals, good healthy, vigor, life, etc., niksu, cut-off flesh, section, cut of meat, cutting off the head, slash, etc., ḫabsurukku, armil, ilidamu, uldimmu, urubbu, mīšu?, pitkullu,   a cut of meat, ḫūru, cut of meat, apple tree, apple, mīšertu, meat portion provided at Ŝamaš festival, (Akkadian)

плоць, ploć, flesh, мяса, miasa, meat, цела, ciela, body, (Belarusian)
miasa, flesh (Belarus)
meso, flesh, meat,
trup, corpse,
telo, body,  tijelo, body (Serbo-Croatian)
meso, flesh, meat,  tijelo, body (Croatian)

mięso, meat, ciało, flesh, body (Polish)
karveina, beef, mensa, flesh, meat, karmenis body, corpse (Baltic-Sudovian)
mīkstums, flesh,
gaļu, meat, ķermenis, body, (Latvian)
carne, carnea, flesh, body, meat, carnal, carnal, corp, body, corpse (Romanian)
liha, flesh, meat, elin, body, organ,
ruumis, body, corpse,  (Finnish-Uralic)



σάρκα, sárka, flesh, κρέας, kréas, meat, flesh, σώμα, sóma, body, corpus (Greek)
մարմինը, marminy, flesh, body, միս, mis, meat (Armenian)
karkasë, shell, trup, body, flesh, frame, mish, meat, flesh,  (Albanian)

haragi, flesh, haragia, meat, okela, meat, beef,
gorputz, body, frame, gorpu, corpse, (Basque)

caro, carnis,
flesh, meat
corporis, body


flesh, flesh, feoil, meat corp, body, corpse (Irish)
feòil, flesh, meat, boghain, body, cairbh, carcase, dead body, corpse (Scott)
cnawd, flesh,  cig, meat,  corff, body, principal, corpse, chelain, corpse, cadaver, corpws, corpus (Welsh)
carne, flesh, meat, corpo, body, corps, corpus  (Italian)
chair, flesh, viande, meat, corps, body, corps, corpde  (French)

միս, mis, flesh, meat, શરીર, Śarīra, body (Gujarati)
et, flesh, meat,
vücut, body, flesh, vücut, body (Turkish)
ет, et, flesh, meat, дене, dene, body (Kazakh)

go'sht, flesh, meat, tana, body, badan, body, foreskin (Uzbek)

гӯшт, gūşt, flesh, meat, бадан, ʙadan, body (Tajik)
эт, et, flesh, meat,
дене, dene, body (Kyrgyz)

мах, makh, flesh, meat, бие, biye, body (Mongolian)
肉, Ròu, flesh, meat,   
 
身 體, Shēntǐ, body (ti, body) (Traditional Chinese)

misa?, meat, kektseñe,
kapśañi, body, aṣuk, aṣūk (adj.uni.), body, wide, broad (of body parts)   (Tocharian)



karāt-, body, inner body, entrails, interior, prku(i) hastai, meat, body part, pure cut of meat, mahrai/mohrai, body parts of animals, sisai, body parts of animals (paws, teeth?), sesa, body part of a cow,  prsna?, body part, heel, near feet, tuekka-, (NÍ.TE), body, personally, parḫuwayaš or mašḫuwayaš, meat, , (creature) that is dried and eaten (Hittite)




the body, [OE bodig] flesh [OE flaesc], meat [OE mete, food]

2-27

2-28 deleted



carna, Script Z1216;
carnal, Script Z1243; carnis, Script Z1177;
karne
, Script R219, R238;
karnos,
(KARNVS)
, Script
Q701, R511;

mers, Script N194,
merso (MERSV),
Script Q326, Q468

mersos
(MERSVS),
Script Q294
masan, Script Au85
MASaN
Script Z1164
maso (MASV)
Script K74, K92

x x x Charon (Greek) Charon-ontis x Charun, the
ferryman at the
river Styx

2-29
Charun (karvn), tomb
inscription of
Charon - 2 scenes
guptiḥ, cellar, prison cell, gartah, cell;  madhunadi, honey cell; mathika, hut, cottage, cell;
kara, prison
bastem [basta], prisoner, bound, tied (Avestan)
zendân, زندان prison, selul zendân, سلول زندان prison cell  (Persian)
სარდაფში, sardap’shi, cellar, საკანში, sakanshi, cell, ციხეში, ts’ikheshi, cell,
ციხე, tsikhe, prison  (Georgian)

kišeršu, prison, maṣṣartu, in bīt maṣṣarti, prison, ušaurūtu, prison, imprisonment, kīlu, in bīt kīli, prison, place of detainment, kalû, prisoner, captive, kīlu, in ša kīli, prisoner, jailed man, kīlu, in rab bīt kīli, prison chief, kīlu, in ša bīt kīli, prison official, ṣibittu, imprisonement, hold, grasp, pond, reservoir, stolen property found in the theif’s possession, correct behavior, ṣibittu, in bīt ṣibitti, prison   (Akkadian)

падвал, 
padval, cellar, клетка, klietka, cell, турма, turma, prison (Belarusian)

sklep, cellar
(Belarus)
podrum, cellar, ćelija, cell, zatvor, prison (Croatian)

piwnica, cellar, komórka, cell, więzienie, prison,  (Polish)
pagrabs, cellar, šūna, cell, cietums, prison (Latvian)
pivniţă, cellar, celar, cellar, celulă, cell, închisoare, prison (Romanian
kellari, cellar, solu, cell, vankila, prison (Finnis-Uralic) 

Αποθήκηkeli, Apothíki, store-room, κελάρι, kelári, cellar, κύτταρο, kyttaro, cell, φυλακή, fylakí, prison (Greek)
նկուղ,
nkugh, cellar, բջիջ, bjij, cell, բանտ, bant, prison (Armenian)  
burg, prison, bodrum, cellar, qeli burgu, prison cell;
celulë [polit.], qeli, cell (Albanian)

upategia, cellar, soto, basement, cellar, zelula, cell, kartzela, prison (Basque)  upategia
carcer-eris; prison
cella-ae, room, store-room, chamber

siléar, cellar, cill, cell,  príosún, prison (Irish)

seilear, cellar, cealla, cell,  prìosan, prison (Scott)
seler, cellar, cafell-af, cell, sanctuary, oracle;
cell-oedd-au, cell, chamber, closet (Welsh)
cellula, cell; cella, cell, cellar, prigione, prison (Italian)
cellule, cell, cave, cellar, cavern,  prison, prison (French)


ભોંયરું, Bhōnyaruṁ, cellar, tunnel, કોષKōṣa, cell, જેલ, Jēla, prison (Gujarati)
kiler, cellar, bodrum, basement, cellar,

hücre, cell, cubicle, hapis,  prison, imprisonment, jail (Turkish)
жертөле, jertöle, cellar,
ұяшық, uyaşıq, cell, түрме, türme, prison, jail (Kazakh)
qabrlarga, cellar,
hujayra, cell, cellule, qamoqxona, qamoq, prison, jail (Uzbek)
таҳхона, tahxona, cellar, ҳуҷайра, huçajra, cell, зиндон, zindon, prison, dungeon (Tajik)
жертөлө, jertölö, cellar,
клетка, kletka, cell,  түрмө, türmö, prison (Kyrgyz)
зоорь, zoori, cellar, эс, es, cell, шорон, shoron, prison, jail (Mongolian)
地窖,
Dìjiào, cellar,    

細 胞, Xìbāo, cell,
監獄, Jiānyù, prison, jail (Traditional Chinese)
 

alsant-
, prisoner,
arnuwala-, (NAM.RA), prisoner of war (Hittite)
prison [<L. prehensio, capture], jail, [<OFr. jaiole], incarcerate, [<Lat. incarcerare, to confine],  cell; [<Lat. cella-ae, room, store-room, cellar, chamber], cellar, [<LLat. cellarium, pantry],
carceres, the
starting point of a race course

2-30
carsi, Script Z1319,

See also,
8-62,


selur (SELFR)
Script
Z692

adhivaasa, avasthitih, home, residence, nivāsah, domicile, vástu, dwelling; zaia, hut, house; mathika, hut, cottage, cell; dama, house, home; yuka, house; ālaya, dwelling, house; geha, house, mansion, agāra, house, apartment; astatāti, home

maêthananãmca
[maêthana],
station, dwelling,
abode;
nmâna [-], house home, mansion; dâman,
creation, dwelling place; demânê [demâna], house (Avestan)
xâne,
خانه  abode, home, house, domicile, kušk , کوشک mansion, palace, castle, kolbe, hut, cabin,  ṭvylh, طویله, barn, stable, crib, nebar kah, انبار کاه,  barn (Persian)
სახლი,
sakhli, house, სახლში, sakhlshi, home, საცხოვრებელი ადგილი, sats’khovrebeli adgili, domicile, ქოხი, k’okhi, hut, ბეღელში, beghelshi, shed, barn, awning (Georgian)

kungu, house, a word for house,
dūru, house enclosure, fortification wall, city wall, inner city wall, fortress, parts of the human body, appannu, durinnu, part of a house, kuṣṣu, in bīt kuṣṣi, winter house, ālu, in bit āli, house in the city, arpani, a type of house, mūšabu, domicile, dwelling, seat, libburšu, mūašbtu, part of a house, maṣallu, shepherd's reed hut or shelter (Akkadian)

дом, dom, house, дома, doma, home, домицилий, domicilij, domicile, хаціна, chacina, hut, хлеў, chlieŭ, barn (Belarusian)
chatka, dom, house (Belarus)
ku'ca, stan, dwelling,  koliba, hut; dom, house
(Serbo-Croatian)
kuća, house, dom, home, prebivalište, domicile, koliba, hut, staja, barn  (Croatian)
dom, house, home, mieszkanie, dwelling, chata, hut,  stodoła, barn (Polish)
grintan, house, building, namai, dwelling (Baltic
Sudovian)
māja, house, mājas, home, dzīvesvieta, domicile, būda, hut, šķūnis, shed, barn  (Latvian)
casă, house, acasă, home, colibă, hut, hambar, barn, şură, barn, shed, grange  (Romanian)
talo, house, Koti, home, kotipaikka, domicile, kota, hut, lato, barn, talli, stable, barn, shed (Finnish-Uralic)


Σπίτι, Spíti, home, house, κατοικία, katoikía, domicle,  καλύβα, kalyba, hut, σιταποθήκη, sitapothíki, barn (Greek)
տուն,
tun, (dun, dan) home, տունը, tuni, house, բնակավայր, bnakavayr, domicile, խրճիթ, khrchit, hut,’ գոմ, gom, barn, crib, stall (Armenian)    kolibe, kennel,  bun,
shtëpi, house, banesë, dwelling, house, residence, dhomë, room, chamber, apartment, house, kala, castle, barakë, hut, hangar, barn, shed,
koçek, crib, barn, grunar, barn, granary (Albanian)

etxe, house, home, household, hasiera, house,
jauregien, mansion, extola, hut, cottage, ukuilu, barn, ederki, shed (Basque)


casa-ae; domiciliu-i,
place of residence,
dwelling


teach, house, teaghais, dwelling, sainchónaí, domicile, baile, home, scioból, barn (Irish)
fàrdach, home,
dwelling; àros, house, mansion; teach; tigh, house; tuineach, dachaigh, home,
sabhal, barn (Scott)
, house, annedd, dwelling, residence, cartref, domicile, cwt, hut, caban-au, cabin, booth, hut, crib, kiosk, cartref, home,
ysgubor, barn, granary (Welsh)
ti, house (Breton)
casa, house, building,
fienile, barn, hayloft, granio, barn, granary (Italian)
case, hut, small
house; habitation, dwelling,  cabane, hut, shed, cabin, maison, home, grange, barn (French)


ઘર, Ghara, house, home, નિવાસ, Nivāsa, dwelling, ઝૂંપડું, Jhūmpaḍuṁ, hut, કોઠાર, Kōṭhāra, barn, storeroom (Gujarati)
ev, house, home, konut, dwelling, kulübe, hut, ahir, barn, stable (Turkish)

үй, üy, house, home, тұрғын үй, turğın üy, dwelling, саятшылық, sayatşılıq, hut, сарай, saray, barn (Kazakh)
uy, house, home, turar joy, dwelling, xona, room, chamber, apartment, kulba, hut, cabin, ombor, barn, storehouse (Uzbek)

хона, xona, house, home, манзил, manzil, dwelling, кулба, kulʙa, hut, анбор, anbor, barn (Tajik)

үй, üy, house, home, турак жай, turak jay, dwelling, кепе, kepe, hut, сарай, saray, barn (Kyrgyz)

байшин, baishin, house, гэр, ger, home, орон сууц, oron suuts, dwelling, овоохой, ovookhoi, hut, амбаар, ambaar, barn (Mongolian)

屋, , house, 家, Jiā, home, 住宅, Zhùzhái, dwelling, 小屋, Xiǎowū, hut, 穀倉, Gǔcāng, barn, granary (Traditional Chinese)


was.t-, ost, oṣke,  [B oskiye] house, kurekār, [B kwrakār], house or pavilion with a vaulted roof (Tocharian)


bira, house (Lydian)
parna, house (Luvian)
prñna, house, prñnawa, mauseleum, grave house, tama-: N tama, A tamã/tãmã, Apl. tamas, house (Lycian)



pēr, parn->per/prn, pir, parnant- , house,  (É-ir), house, salli É-ir, big house, palace, É, kipa-, hut, parn- house, premises, per/prn/parn-, house, prnneze/i, house, household, prnnezi(je), household member, parnalli adj.,of a house or estate,  parnawa, to serve a house, parnassa, at his house,
annasnant- , part of a house, hassa- (GUNNI), household, #pam, pamant, house,  pama, to home, kattan t., to go to someone's house, go down (Hittite)


hut [<Fr. hutte, of Gmc. orig.], house [<OE hüs], home, [<OE m] domicile [<L.domicilium-i];
barracks [<Catalan, barraca] abode, barn [<OE bern], building for storing produce and farm animals, alley

2-31



casa, Script Q433, Q475;
CaSA, Script M-1, M45
CaSa
, Script Z133, Z224, Z421, Z990,
Z1835, J33, AN37,

See also,
3-91, home,

domo (DVMV), Script BB-5;

See also,
10-60,
house,
thomas or domas (ΘVMAS) Script PD-2,

See also,
8-37, room, hall,
sale, Script AB-1
SaLE
, Script K13;
salo, (SALV)
Script L25




 




abhibhāṣate (bhāṣ), to plead, defend, uttaraṁ dāpayati, (dā>) to defend, argue, kāraṇaṁ, cause: that which produces effect
diz, didesti, dizati, -te {dedizyate}, produce a witness, grant, bestow, show, prove yourself; nimittatva, the being a cause, causality; adimula, the first cause; kisalay, -yati, to cause to sprout or germinate.
bravīt, brūte, to assert,
adimula, the first
cause;


sababسبب cause, lâbe kardan, لابه کردن beseech, implore, plead, entreat, petition, darxâst kardan,  درخواست کردن  to plead, bahaâne kardan, چیزی را   to plead, angize, انگیزه cause, reason, etc., (Persian)

მიზეზები, mizezebi, cause, როგორც მიზეზი, rogorts’ mizezi, to give as a reason, გამოიწვიოს,
gamoitsvios, cause, აღიარებ,
aghiareb, plead, პრეტენზია, p’ret’enzia, pretend, (Georgian)

ḫanû, to plead,
dabābu, to plead, negotiate, litigate, recite, to spare, to come to an agreement, perform a kind act, etc., idu, reason, excuse, objection, pakku, reason, wits, sense  (Akkadian)

прычыны, pryčyny, cause, даць у якасці прычыныprycyna, dać u jakasci pryčyny, to give as a reason, прыкідвацца, prykidvacca,  pretend, маліць, malić, plead, прыкідвацца, 
prykidvacca, pretend,  сцвярджаць, scviardžać, assert (Belarusian)
uzroki, cause, dati kao razlog, to give as a reason, zastupati, plead, pretvarati se, pretend, tvrditi, assert, (Croatian) reason; razvazlivy,
adj. reasonable;
rozum , reason,
intellect, mind
(Belarus)

przyczyna, cause, podać jako powód,  to give as a reason, udawać, to pretend,  błagać, to plead, zapewniać, assert (Polish)
cēloņi, cause, izlikties, pretend, aizstāvēt, assert (Latvian)
cauză, cause, pentru a da ca un motiv, to give as a reason, invoca, plead, pretinde, pretend,  (Romanian)
syyt, cause, antaa syyksi, to give as a reason, anoa, plead, teeskennellä, plead, teeskennellä, pretend, puolustaa, assert (Finnish-Uralic)


αιτία, aitía, cause, να δώσει ως λόγο, na dósei os lógo, to give as a reason, συνηγορώ, synigoró, plead, προσποιούμαι, prospoioúmai,
pretend,
διεκδικήσει, diekdikísei, assert (Greek)

պատճառը, patcharry, cause, որպես պատճառ,
vorpes patcharr, to give as a reason, խնդրեք, khndrek’, plead, ձեւացնել, dzevats’nel, plead, հավակնել,
havaknel, pretend, հաստատել, hastatel, assert (Armenian)


kauzë, padi [drejt.],
cause,
pretendoj, pretend,  pohoj, assert, affirm (Albanian)

eragin, to cause, affect, inflict, alegatu,, to plead,
itxurak egin, to pretend, aldarrikatu, assert ( (Basque)

causor-ari, to give as a reason, plead, pretend
causa-ae, a cause
,
praetendo -tendere
-tendi -tentum
, to pretend


cúis, cause, a chur faoi deara, to cause, a thabhairt mar chúis, to give as a reason, ligean, pretend, dearbhú, assert (Irish)
dhbharan, cause, cuir a-mach, pretend, dearbhte, assert (Scots-Gaelic)
achos-ion  cause, dadlau, to plead, pledio, to plead, argue, haeru, to affirm, assert, pretend (Welsh)
causa, cause, pretendere, to pretend,  asserire, assert, pretend,  dare come ragione, to give as a reason, pretendere addurre, difendere, perorare, plead (Italian)
cause, cause, donner comme raison, to give as a reason, plaider, alléguer, plead prétendre, pretend, assert  (French)




કારણ, Kāraṇa, cause, ડોળ કરવો, Dalīla karavī, to plead, દલીલ કરવી,  Ḍōḷa karavō, pretend, posture, દાવો, Dāvō, assert (Gujarati)

sebep olmak, cause, bahane etmek, pretend, plead, yalvarmak, to plead, ileri sürmek, assert, affirm (Turkish)

себеп, sebep, cause, reason, түр көрсету, tür körsetw, pretend, өтіну, ötinw, to plead, сендіру, sendirw, assert, attest (Kazakh)
sabab, cause, da'vo qilmoq, pretend, iltimos qilmoq, to plead, tasdiqlash, assert (Uzbek)

сабаб, saʙaʙ, cause, даъвогар шудан, da'vogar şudan, pretend, to sue, даъво кардан,   da'vo kardan, to plead, тасдиқ кардан,  tasdiq kardan, to assert (Tajik)

себеп, sebep, cause, түр көрсөтүү, tür körsötüü, pretend, жалынуу, ырастоо, jalınuu, to plead, ırastoo, assert (Kyrgyz) 

шалтгаан, shaltgaan, cause, дүр узүүлэх, dür uzüülekh, pretend, гуйх, guikh, to plead, батлах, batlakh, assert (Mongolian)

原因, cause, reason, 假充 Jiǎchōng, pretend, pose, 懇求, Kěnqiú, to plead,  斷言, Duànyán, assert, affirm (Traditional Chinese)

etu, cause,
A. Yark,  [B. Yarke], worship. (Tocharian)

rkuae, to plead, pray, wewakk->, uewakk, to demand, wēk-, wekk->, wewak, to demand, ask, wek-, (IR), to demand, ask, to wish, to claim, kappuwāi-, reason, to provide with, to predict, to visit, to control, to examine, to pay, memiya(n)-, reason, word, story, speech, chattering, business, motive, relation, opinion, uttar, (INIM), reason, story, business, chattering, , word, speech, motive, legal matter, huinu-, to cause (Hittite)


to give as a reason, pretend,
plead [<OFr.
plaider]
cause [<L. causa, reason], utter, to pronounce, speak, [<MDu.
ūteron], allege, [<Lat. allegare, to dispatch], assert, [<Lat. asserere]

2-32


case, Script R22, R114,
casi, Script M13


cose (CVSE) Script Z71;
coso (CVSV),
Script TC127,
TC241, TC271, TC279, TC307;
AM-3
cosor (CVSVR), Script TC56, TC161,
TC179
cosos (CVSVS), Script TC283,



See also,
3-107:

EFEAV (EΦEA8), N436, Lat. effio," I produced."

 

nath, nathate, to seek aid, beg, ask, yācate, to ask praznay, yati, to inquire after;
prach,
prcchati (-te), to ask, question, inquire, abhiyāc, to request, ask for, solicit, anveṣaṇaṁ  karoti, to search, rach.h, to form, āśā, hope, expectation,

 

aidhyañtâi [jad], to ask, pray, demand, isa, to seek, look for (Avestan)
jostoju kardan, جستجو کردن   to research, seek, fish, rasidegi  kardan, رسیدگی کردن to inquire, investigate,
porsidan, 
پرسیدن to ask, inquire, interrogate to inquire,
rabt dâdan, ارتباط دادن to relate, connect, link (Persian)

ეძებენ,
edzeben, to seek for, ითხოვენ, it’khoven, to ask for, დაუსვამს,
dausvams, inquire,  ეძებენ, edzeben, to seek for (Georgian)

šar-, to wish, demand,
-ašk, to ask (Hurrian)

erišūtu, request, erēšu, to request, desire, to be desired, crave, to ask, to be required, qabû, to ask, object, recite, pronounce, to speak, take an oath, etc. (Akkadian) 



шукаць, 
šukać, to seek for, прасіць,  prasić, to ask for, пытацца, pytacca, inquire, (Belarusian)

sukac, to look for,
seek; daviedvacca, inquire, pytacca, to ask; raicca, consult, ask,
tražiti, to seek for (Belarus)
tražiti, to seek for, pitati za, to ask for, raspitati se, inquire (Croatian)

szukać, to seek, zapytać, to ask, dowiadywać się, inquire (Polish)
meklēt, to seek for, lūgt, to ask for, noskaidrot, inquire, 
(Latvian)
caute, to seek for, pentru a cere, to ask for, întreba, inquire
, RĂCNI, to speak loudly, to roar (Romanian)
pyytää, to ask for, tiedustella, inquire,
etsiä, to seek for (Finnish-Uralic)



να αναζητήσουνzito, na anazitísoun, to seek for, να ζητήσει, na zitísei, to ask for, ρωτώ, rotó, inquire anazito, seek;
zito, ερωτώ, eroto, to question, ask, inquire, παρακαλώ, parakalo, to beg, pray, ask (Greek)
որոնելու համար, voronelu hamar, to seek for, հարցնել, harts’nel, to ask for, հարցրեք, harts’rek, inquire, 
որոնելու համար, voronelu hamar, to seek for (Armenian)
lus, pyes, to ask, question, inquire, kërkoj, to ask, request, seek,
për të kërkuar, to seek for (Albanian)

ila, bilatu, to seek, galdetu, to ask, eske, to petition,  eskatu, to ask for (Basque)







quaeso-ere, to seek for, ask for, inquire, quaeso, I beg



a lorg, to seek for, a iarraidh, to ask for, fiosraigh, inquire (Irish)
a dh 'iarraidh, to seek for, ask for,
a ràdh, to say, faighneachd, inquire (Scott)
ceisio
, to ask, seek,
try, fetch, procure; i geisio amdano, to seek for, i ofyn am, to ask for, holwch, inquire erchi (arch-, eirch), to ask, pray, command, enjoin; gofyn, to ask, request, inquire, demand, require; holi, to examine, inquire, ask, question,  query,
i siarad, to speak, talk, areithio, to speak, make a speech, harangue (Welsh)
cercare (checare), to seek for, chiedere, to ask for, chiedere informazioni, inquire,  domandare,  inquire; invitare, to ask, inquire after,
raccontare, ricontare, to tell  (Italian)
chercher, to seek for; demander, to ask for, inviter, soliciter, poser, to ask; s'enquérir, demander, to inquire, renseigner, inquire, 
raconter, to relate, narrate, tell, recount (French)


શોધવું, Śōdhavuṁ, to seek, પૂછો, Pūchō, to ask, પૂછપરછ કરવી, Pūchaparacha karavī, to inquire (Gujarati)
aramak, to seek, sormak, to ask, inquire (Turkish)

іздеу, izdew, to seek,
сұрау, suraw, to ask, inquire (Kazakh)

qidirmoq, ti seek, so'rash, to ask, inquire, surishtirmoq, to inquire (Uzbek)

ҷустуҷӯ кардан, çustuçū kardan, to seek, пурсидан, pursidan, to ask, inquire (Tajik)

издөө,izdöö, to seek, суроо, suroo, to ask, сураш үчүн, suraş üçün, to inquire (Kyrgyz)

хайх, khaikh, to seek,
асуух, asuukh, to ask, лавлах, lavlakh, to inquire (Mongolian)

尋求, Xúnqiú, to seek, 問, Wèn, to ask, 詢問, Xúnwèn, to inquire (Traditional Chinese)  
 


rake, reki, to speak (Tocharian)

#mald, #arija,
punuss, to ask, pnus, to ask a question, consult, investigate, punus-, to ask, examine, EGIR-pa punus- , to ask again, eshar sanh- , to ask for someone's blood, to demand vengeance for someone's death, to ask for, to want, to try, to search, uesk, to implore,  wēk-, wekk->, wewak, wewakk->, uewakk, to demand, ask, wek-, to wish, to desire, wek-,  (IR), to ask, to demand, to wish, to claim, waluske/a, to ask of a diety, watarnah-, ask, to inform, to lead, to command, to inculcate, to entrust, to order, piran sarā ep-, to ask an oracle?, apan, to seek, look for, investigate, attempt, sa(n)h, sa(n)h, to look after, to clean, sweep clean   (Hittite)

to seek [<OE
secan] for, ask,
[<OE ascian]
for, inquire, [< Lat. inquirere], request,

recount [<OFr. reconter],
search, [<Lat. circare, to go around],

2-33


kase, Script N74;

See also:
7-41

rac, Script Z192,
rak, Script Z263, Z336, Z412, Z516, Z582, Z1048, Q335
RAKaR,
Script
Z156, Z164, Z190, Z327, Z405, Z969, Z1013, Z1016, Z1027, Z1846, Z1869

CEISIN, BT-2
CEISiM, CJ-4

See also,
3-144, to ask and obtain,

erok (ERVK), Script Q351,

See also,
6-137, to petition,

pet, Script TC260
pet na, or PETNA Script Z1227 (Note: the "na" "ne" suffix is given to the names of people; i.e. RASNA, RASNE RASNES - name Etruscans called themselves)
petes, Script XK-5



pradeza, direction, destination; place,
spot, region; appealing, to a precedent; instance, example,
niveśaḥ, situation





shoql, شغل   situation, business, employ, avocation, lahze,
لحظه instance, moment, case, blink of an eye, vẕ‘yt, وضعیت situation (Persian)

საქმე,
sak’me, case, მაგალითი, magaliti, instance, სიტუაცია, situats’ia, situation, (Georgian)

dīnu, case, lawsuit, claim, court judgment, decision, law, law article, verdict, etc. (Akkadian)





выпадак,
vypadak, case, сітуацыя, situacyja, situation, асобнікasobnik, instance (Belarusian)

vypadak, incident, case, crash (Belarus)
sluča, case, jsituacija, situation,
primjer, instance (Croatian)

sprawa, case matter, thing, business matter, sytuacja, situation, instancja, instance (polish)
gadījums, case, situācija, situation,
instancē, instance (Latvian)
caz, case, instance, situatie, situation (Romanian)
tapaus, case,
ilmentymä, instance, tilanne, situation (Finnish-Uralic)


υπόθεση, ypóthesi, case, παράδειγμα, paradeigma,
instance,
κατάσταση, katástasi, situation (Greek)
գործը,
gortsy, case, օրինակ, orinak, instance, իրավիճակը, iravichaky, situation (Armenian)
rast, case, event, instance,
shembull, example, instance, case, situatë, situation,  karkasë, shell (Albanian)

kasu, kutxatila, case,
instantzia, instance, egoera, situation (Basque)

casus-us, case, what befalls


cás, case, instance, staid, situation (Irish)
chùis, case,
eisimpleir, situation, suidheachadh, situation (Scott)
achos, case, enghraifft, example, instance, exemplar, situation (Welsh)
caso, case, chance, event, instance,
situazione, situation (Italian)
cas, case, instance,
situation, situation (French)


કેસ, Kēsa, case, Dākhalō
દાખલો, Dākhalō, instance, પરિસ્થિતિ, Paristhiti, situation (Gujarati)
durum, case, situation, misal, instance Turkish)

корпус, korpws, case, hull, данасы, danası, instance, жағдай, jağday, situation (Kazakh)
hodisa, case, event, incident, misol, instance, vaziyat, situation (Uzbek)
парванда, parvanda, case,  мисол, misol, instance, вазъият, vaz'ijat, situation, (Tajik)
корпус, korpus, case, мисал, misal, instance, абал, abal, situation (Kyrgyz)
хэрэг, khereg, case, occurence, жишээ, jishee, instance, нөхцөл байдал, nökhtsöl baidal, situation  (Mongolian)
例,
Lì, case, instance, 情 況, Qíngkuàng, situation (Traditional Chinese)

a falling, what
befalls, an event, case, [<Lat. casus], situation,
[<Lat.
situare]
reality [<LLat.
realis], instance, [<?], example, [<Lt. exemplum],

2-34


casus (CASVS) Script Q821




durgam, fort, castle,  pur, nom. {puer}, stronghold,
castle, fortified town; the body, khattah, tower,
koṭaḥ, fort


dez, دژ fort, acropolis, tower, citadel,  qal'e, burg, castle, citadel  borj, برج tower, castle, sangar, سنگر blockhouse, fort, stronghold, citadel (Persian)
ციხე,
ts’ikhe, fort, castle, კოშკი, koshki, tower (Georgian)

kum-di, tower,  *ard, town, amahhu, city wall (Hurrian)

dunnu, fort, fortified house and area, severity, strength (physical), power, force, violence, foundation, depth, firm ground, bedrock, lump, dannatu, fortress, fortified place, ground, terrain, famine, hard times, cold weather, etc., *uṣurtu, fortification,   ḫilṣu, a type of fortification, dannu, fortified, binding, fierce, difficult, dangerous, mighty, great, etc., eja, fortified building or watchtower, kādu, fortified outpost, fee payable by owners of date groves for guard service, ḫalṣu, fortress, fortification, district, nāmaru, tower, dimtu, siege tower, fortified area,
asītu, tower on city wall, ziqqurratu, temple tower, mountain peak, kirḫu, fortified area within a city, enclosure wall of a sanctuary, circumvallation, citadel (Akkadian)





форт, fort, fort, замак zamak, castle,  вежа, vieža, tower (Belarusian)
grad, turdjava
kula, zamak, castle
(Serbo-Croatian)
toranj, tower, tvrđ
ava, fort, dvorac, castle (Croatian)
fort, fort,
zamek, castle,
wieża, tower  (Polish)
pilis, castle,
hillfort (Baltic
Sudovian)
fort, fort, pils, castle, tornis, tower (Latvian)
fort, fort, castel, castle
cetate, cetate, citadel, turn, tower, (Romanian)
linnake, fort, linna, castle,  torni, tower, (Finnish-Uralic)


φρούριο, froúrio, fort, pyrgos, tower
(Greek)
բերդ,
berd, fort, աշտարակ, ashtarak, tower (Armenian)
kala,castle,  fortesë, fort, kullë, tower
(Albanian)

gotorlekua, fort, dorre, tower, gaztelu, castle, herri, hiri, city, town (Basque)

castelum-i, a castle, fortress, fort, shelter, refuge;
fortis-e, physically
strong, powerful,
robust; morally brave, courageous;
pilus-i, a division
of the triari in the Roman army; pilum-i, the heavy spear of the Roman army;
turrim, tower, castra-orum, camp, days' march, army life



 


dún, fort, caisleán, castle, túr,  tower (Irish)
dùn, fort, heap, mound, mount, fortress; caisteal  pl. caistealan; tùr, tower, daingneach; gearasdan,
garrison, fort (Scott)

caer -au,
ceyrdd, wall, rampart, castle, fort, fortress, fastness,
city; castell, castle, fort, fortress,
twr, tower (Welsh)
castello, castle, forte, fort, Torre, tower (Italian)
château, castle; fort, fort, fortress, tour, tower (French)

kêr, town, bourk, small market town (Breton)

ગઢ,
Gaḍha, fort, castle,
ટાવર, Ṭāvara, tower (Gujarati)
kale, fort, castle, kule, tower (Turkish)

Форт, Fort, қорған, qorğan, castle, mound, мұнара, munara, tower (Kazakh)

qal'a, fort, castle, citadel,
minora, tower, mineret (Uzbek)

қалъа, qal'a, fort,
манора, manora, tower (Tajik)
чеп, çep, fort, мунара, munara, tower (Kyrgyz)

цайз, tsaiz, fort,
цамхаг, tsamkhag, tower (Mongolian)
堡, fort, castle, citadel,
城堡, Chéngbǎo, castle,  塔, Tǎ, tower, pagoda (Traditional Chinese)
   
 


kuccatāk [B kucatāk], fort (Tocharian)

fata, defense, (Lydian)
KerTTi, a city,
(Lycian)


pērunu
->
 hill fort,
kurta, town,  kurtali, city dweller, hapiria/hapira, hapiriant, town, place of trade, happiriya- (URU), town, sahesr/sahesn, fortification, sahesnae, to fortify,
stronghold,
#lami , to fortify, strengthen, wetenu-, to have something fortified (Hittite)




fort [<L. fortis,
strong
], tower, [<Gk. tursis] fort, castle [<L. castellum], burg [<OE]

2-35



kastro (KASTRV),
Script R13, R94, R128, R142, R156,
Z446, Z489, Z1088, Z1393


tigita, adj. sharp,
pointed; caGga
adj., acquainted with, clever at;
checka, adj. clever, shrewd; daksas, adj. able, strong, clever.

bâ-hušباهوش clever, intelligent, zerang زرنگ adroit, astute, bright, shrewd, tyz·hvsh, تیزهوش  sharp, bright, quick-witted, tond, تند acrid, ascerbic, acid  (Persian)
ჭკვიანი,
chkviani, clever, ბასრი, basri, sharp, აკრიდი, ak’ridi, acrid (Georgian)

kāpidu, cunning, one who acts with cunning, nikiltu, cunning, deception, clever or ingenious idea, ingenuity, skillful work, trick, nēmequ, cunning, experience, knowledge, wisdom, skill,  (Akkadian)


хітрасць, chitrasć, cunning, разумны, razumny, clever, востры, vostry, sharp, з'едлівы, zjedlivy, acrid (Belarusian)
vostry, adj. sharp
(Belarus)
lukav, cunning, pametan, clever, oštar, sharp, acrid (Croatian)

sprytny, clever, przebiegły, cunning, ostry, sharp, gryzący, acrid (Polish)
gudrs, clever, viltīgs, cunning, asu, sharp (Latvian)
intelligent, clever, viclean, cunning, ascuțit, sharp, caut, I search,  cat, I search- old Romanian, acru, acrid  (Romanian)
taitava, clever, ovela, cunning, terävä, sharp,
pisteliäs, acrid (Finnish-Uralic)



έξυπνος, éxypnos, clever, αιχμηρός,  πονηριά, poniriá, cunning, αιχμηρός, aichmirós, sharp, δριμύς, drimýs, acrid, sharp, pungent, ακριβώς akrivó̱s, sharp (Greek)
խելացի,
khelats’i, clever, խորամանկ, khoramank, cunning,  սուր, sur, sharp, ցրված, ts’rvats, acrid (Armenian)
i zgjuar, clever, dinak, cunning, i mprehtë, sharp, djegës, acrid,
acartë, crisp
(Albanian)

maltzurrak, cunning, bizkorra,
adimentsu, clever, intelligent, zorrotz, sharp, strict, demanding  (Basque)

Cato-onis, cognomen;
Cato; catus-a-um,
sharp, cunning; adv. cate
acri, sharp


cliste, clever, géar, sharp (Irish)
glic, clever, wise, geur, sharp (Scott) awchlym, adj. sharp, keen, acute, poignant;
awchus, adj. sharp,
keen, ardent, eager,
greedy; yn glyfar, clever, egr, adj. sharp, sour, severe, savage, cheeky, impertinent (Welsh)
intelligente, clever, abile, cunning,  acuto, acute, aguzzo, pointed, affilato, tagliente, sharp,  acre, acrid (Italian)

intelligente, astucieux, clever, rusé, ingénieux, cunning,  aigu, adj. sharp; acéré, violent [struggle], tondeuse, mower
(French)



htant, clever, intelligent, wise,  alpus, sharp, as a knife, lpues, sharp, to be acute, alpue, to become sharp (Hittite)


name of a gens,
Cato; sharp,
cunning, [<OE cunnan, to know] cheeky
[<OE cece], impudence, impertinent

2-36


cate, Script Z1586, N216
cates, Script AN-20 AN-37;
cato (CATV), Script N41, N160, N280,
N417, N483, N553, N624;
catos (CATVS), Script N206, N254 |
Kate, Script R238, R653
kati, Script N311,| N378
kato (KATV)
, Script
Q334, Q512, R437, R521, R565, R584;
KaTO (KaTV),
R487


kukku raśāvaḥ, -kaḥ, kukkura--śiśuḥ, puppy,
kukkura, dog, shvanna, dog


sûnahe, dog (Avestan)
sag, سگ dog, tulh sag, توله سگ  puppy, bačče, بچه  babe, chick, puppy, youngling (Persian)
ახალგაზრდა ცხოველი,
akhalgazrda ts’khoveli, young animal, ლეკვი,
lekvi, puppy, ძაღლი, dzaghli, dog (Georgian)

kalbāniš, like a dog,
mīrānu, young dog, puppy, cub of a wild animal, kalbu, in ša kalbē, hunting dogs keeper (Akkadian)


маладое жывёла,
maladoje žyviola, young animal, шчанюк,
ščaniuk, puppy, сабака, sabaka, dog (Belarusian)
sabaka, dog (Belarus)

pas, dog (Serbo
Croatian)
mlada životinja, young animal, štene, puppy, pas, dog (Croatian)
młode zwierzę, young animal, szczeniak, puppy, pies, dog (Polish)

sunis, dog (Baltic-Sudovian)
jaunais dzīvnieks, young animal, kucēns, puppy, suns, dog (Latvian)
animalul tânăr, young animal, cățeluș, puppy, câine, dog (Romanian)
koira, dog (Finnish-Uralic)


νεαρό ζώο, nearó zóo, young animal, κουτάβι, koutávi, puppy, σκύλος, skýlos, dog (Greek)
երիտասարդ կենդանիներ,
yeritasard kendaniner, young animal, լակոտ, lakot, puppy, շուն, shun, dog (Armenian)
kafshë të re, young animal,
kone, puppy, qen, dog (Albanian)

animalia gaztea, young animal, txakur, dog (Basque)



catulus-i and catella-ae, a young animal,
esp. a whelp, a puppy,

puer animalis, young animal, catillus-i, a small dish or plate
canis, dog


ainmhí óg, young animal, madra, dog (Irish)
beathach òg, young animal,
cuilean, puppy, , dog (Scott)
anifail ifanc, young animal, ci bach, puppy, ci, dog (Welsh)
giovane animale, young animal, cucciolo, puppy, cane, dog (Italian)
jeune animal, young animal, chiot, puppy, chien, dog (French)


કૂતરો, Kūtarō, dog, કુરકુરિયું, Kurakuriyuṁ, puppy (Gujarati)
köpek, dog,
köpek yavrusu, puppy (Turkish)
ит, ït, dog,
күшік, küşik, puppy (Kazakh)
it, dog,
kuchukcha, puppy (Uzbek)
саг, sag, dog,
сагбача, sagʙaca, puppy (Tajik)
ит, it, dog,
күчүк, küçük, puppy (Kyrgyz)  
нохой, nokhoi, dog,
гөлөг, gölög, puppy (Mongolian)
狗, Gǒu, dog,
小狗, Xiǎo gǒu, puppy (Traditional Chinese)


ku krāke [B ku], dog (Tocharian)


can, dog (Illyrian)
kan, dog (Lydian)


swan(i), dog (Luvian)


kuwas, dog?,  #suwana, dog (Hittite)

family name,
Catele?
puppy, dog, [<OE docga], young animal, [<OE geong], animal, [<Lat], cur, mongrel dog, a base person [<ME curre],

2-37




KATeLE, Script R339,
KATeLES, Script
R413, R474
KATeLO
(KATeLV)
, Script R370, R394, R499,

See also,
2-15, puppy,
kane, Script Q46;
kane (KaNE), Script Q65, Q74, Q84, Q95, Q416, Q717, Q775, Q795, Q829, R405
KaNI, Script Q442, Q452, Q460, Q805,
R596, R607
KaNIS, Script Q847, R574, R584





bandh, badhnati,
badhnIte
, to bind, tie, attach, fix, fetter, sacrifice; bandhanam
, bond, nigadah, fetter kanakasura, a gold cord or chain;
zrgkhalay, -yati, to chain or fetter, śṛṅghalaḥ, chain, nigaḍaḥ, shackle, chain

zanjir,  زنجیر chain, fetters, band (Persian)
ჯაჭვი, 
jachvi, chain, ბორკილები, bork’ilebi, fetter (Georgian,

araru, chain,
marratu, chain, rainbow, kannu, fetter, band, rope, belt, wisp of straw to bind a sheaf, kīsu, fetter, bond, a disease, maškanu, fetter for a slave, canopy, tent, location,  empty lot, threshing floor, etc., qāti, fetter, handcuffs, pādu, to fetter, to imprison, take captive, etc., kasû, to fetter, to arrest a person, demand payment, to bind magically, etc., kasû, fettered, bound, pādūtu, fettering, jannussu? kamû?, qunnabru , fetters, kurṣû, foot fetters, links, aḫānu, fetters on arm, šeršerratu, chain, fetters, shackles, šeršerru, chain, mark on the exta  (Akkadian)


ланцугlancuh, chain, кайданы, kajdany, fetter (Belarusian)
lancuh, chain, spalucac, zlucac, to link (Belarus)
lanac, chain,
bukagije, fetter (Croatian)
łańcuch, chain, kajdany, fetter (Polish)
ķēde, chain, važas, fetter
(Latvian)
lanţ, chain,
încătuşa, fetter, chain (Romanian)
ketju,chain,
kahle, fetter (Finnish-Uralic_


αλυσίδα, alysida, chain, δεσμά,  desmá, fetters, shackles (Greek)
շղթա,
shght’a, chain, կապել, kapel, fetter  (Armenian)
vargonj, shackles, chain, zinxhir, fetters, chain (Albanian)

catea, chain, kateak, fetters (Basque)


catena-ae, chain,
vinculum-i, fetter, chain


slabhra, chain, geimhle, fetter (Irish)
slabhraidh, chain,
geimhle, fetter (Scott)
cadwyn -i, -au
,
chain; cadwyno, to
chain,
llyffethair, fetter (Welsh)
catena, chain,
incatenare, fetter, chain (Italian)
chaine, chain,
enchaîner, fetter, chain (French)


સાંકળ, Sāṅkaḷa, chain,
બંધન, Bandhana, fetter (Gujarati)

zincir, chain, köstek, fetter (Turkish)
шынжыр, şınjır, chain, байлау, baylaw, fetter (Kazakh)
zanjir, chain, bog'lamoq, fetter (Uzbek)
занҷир, zançir, chain,  fetter (Tajik

чынжыр, çınjır, chain, кишендөө, kişendöö, fetter (Kyrgyz)
гинж, ginj, chain, хүлээс, khülees, fetter (Mongolian)

鏈, Liàn, chain, lead ore, tin, 束縛, Shùfù, fetter, anklet (Traditional Chinese)  

kärk- (vb.)  [B kärk-], bind, tie, (Tocharian)

patalha(i), to fetter, patalhiaman?, fettering (Luvian)

patalhae, patallie/a, to fetter, pdalie/a, fetter, to tie the legs, pdlhae, fetter of chain tied around a prisoner’s foot, masdu-, chain, rope, shackles,  (Hittite)




chain [<Lat.
catena], link, [<ME linke, of Scand. origin]
fetter, [<OE feter], a series; binding ([<OE bindan, to bind]
cinch (a saddle) [<L. cingula-ae, girdle]

2-38


CATeNE, Script
Z1386
CATeNIS, Script Z1326




janasammarda, throng of people, crowd,  janarnava, crowd (lit. sea) of men, caravan, saṅgha, group, ḥsamgha band, company, crowd, catur, four

vãthwa [vãthwâ], flock, herd, multitude (of men), (group), increase, cathru, cathware, four (Avestan)
jamiyyat,
جمعیت  crowd, goruh, گروه assembly, group, crowd, corps. horde, etc., chahâr, چهار, four (Persian)

ჯგუფი jgup’i, group, ერია, eria, crowd,
ოთხი, otkhi, four (Georgian)


tumn(i), four (Urartian) 
tumni, tumu(n)-, four (Hurrian)

puḫurtu, crowd, throng, puḫru, group, council, assembly, all, totality, army, contingent, collegium, dakāku, to crowd about, to romp,  amištu, a group of five persons, šāquil ṭāti, a group of influential persons, aršammaja, a group or organization (foreign word), ṣābu, a group of people, contingent of workers, troop of soldiers, army, people, population, nakkuššu (Hurrian word), a group of persons, mitḫāriš, in a group, all over, at every occasion, etc., gâ’, game of workmen, qurubtu, group of officials, kinattūtu, group of social equals, etc., šaluštu, group, team of three, erbe, four (Akkadian)

натоўп, natoŭp, crowd, група, hrupa, group, чатыры, čatyry, four (Belarusian)
natawp, natowp, crowd (Belarus)
skupina, group, gužva, crowd,
četiri, four (Croatian)
tłum, crowd, grupa, group, cztery, four (Polish)
pūlis, crowd, grupa, group,
četri, four (Latvian)
mulţimea, crowd, grup, group, patru, four; patra, fourth (Romanian)
väkijoukko, crowd, ryhmä, group,
neljä, four (Finnish-Uralic)


πλήθος, plíthos, crowd, ομάδα, omáda, group,  πολίς, polis, city,

τέσσερα, téssera, four (Greek)
ամբոխին,

ambokhin, crowd, խումբը, khumby, group, չորսը, ch’vorsy, four (Armenian)
turmë,
crowd, grup, group, katër, four,  (Albanian)


jendetza, crowd, talde, team, group, lau, four (Basque) 

caterva-ae, group
cautor-oris
, one who is on his ,
guard;
possibly, castrum-i, castle, fort, fortress;
quattuor, four, quartus-a-um, adj., fourth


slua, crowd, grúpa, group, ceathrar, four (Irish)
sluagh, crowd, buidheann, group,
ceithir, four (Scott)
crwth, crowd, fiddle, purring, hump; torf -eydd, -oedd, crowd, multitude, twr, tyrrau, heap, crowd, group; tyrfa-oedd, crowd, multitude, pedwar, four (Welsh)
caterva, crowd, gruppo, group, quattro, four (Italian)
foule, crowd,
groupe, group, quatre, four (French)


ભીડ, Bhīḍa, crowd,
જૂથ, Jūtha, group, ચાર, Cāra, four (Gujarati)

kalabalık, crowd, horde, grup, group, dört, four (Turkish)
қаптай, qaptay, crowd, тобыр, tobir, crowd, топ, top, group, crowd, төрт, tört, four (Kazakh)

olomon, crowd, mob, guruh, group, to'rt, four (Uzbek)

издиҳом, izdihom, crowd, гурӯҳ, gurūh, group, чор, cor, four (Tajik)
эл, el, crowd, топ, top, group, төрт, tört, four (Kyrgyz)       

олон хүн, olon khün, crowd, бүлэг, büleg, group, дөрөв, döröv, four (Mongolian)

人群, Rénqún, crowd, 一群, Yīqún, group, crowd, flock, herd, 
四, Sì, four (Traditional Chinese)
 
 
 

krop  [B krewpe, kraupe], crowd, heap, herd, flock, okrop (adv.), in a crowd, çtwar, four, cāturdiś (adv.), towards the four regions  (Tocharian)


mupmm, fourfold (Lycian)
mawa, four, miwa, adj., four,
mawala/i, four span?   (Luvian)


kalutiie/a, group, to treat as a group, pangar(i?)-, crowd, mass,
westra, herd,  meyawes, me(i)u, meiau, four, mawalasa/i, four hitched together,
mawani(a), four, to hitch as a four span,, miwaniant, muaniant,
fours, teams/groups of fours? (Hittite)


catra – four?, [<OE feower],
a crowd [<OE
crüdan, to
hasten], group
[< Ital. gruppo; of Gmc. orig.]

2-39


catra, Script Q488
katres, Script Q107
katro (KATRV), Script
Q84, Q253, Q273;
katrom (KATRVM),
Script N112, Q
1





 

cintā, caution, attention, pratyadeza,
direction, order,
command; repudiation, putting to shame or  confusion, warning, caution,  rakṣā, guptih, guard, caution keeping, protection, dhārā, sharp, edge, asih, sword, zikhara, adj., peak, top, summit;  





htiyât, احتیاط  to take caution, tyz,تیز  sharp,  pâk kardan, to pick, tabar, تبر ax, king (Persian)
სიფრთხილით,
sip’rt’khilit’, caution, ბასრი, basri, sharp, ნაჯახი, najakhi, axe, hatchet  (Georgian)

naṣāru, to guard, to do guard duty, to take care of, to obey commands, to respect, to be on the alert, to be on guard etc., nāṣiru, adj., protecting, guard,
Šēlu, sharp, sharp-edged, aṣṣinnu axe, agû, an axe  š(Akkadian)

асцярожнасць, asciarožnasć, caution, вострым, vostrym, sharpen, сякера, siakiera, axe, (Belarusian)
asciaroznasc, caution, care, prudence (Belarus)
Oprez, caution,
vješt, sharp, skilled, crafty, sjekira, axe (Croatian)

ostrożność, caution, szuler, sharp, rook,  topór, axe (Polish)
piesardzība, caution,
diēzs, sharp, cirvis, axe, (Latvian)
prudență, caution,
tăios, sharp, edgy, cutting, topor, axe (Romanian)
varovaisuus, caution, ais, sharp, veitsi, knife, akku, pickax, kirves, ax, teurastukseen, to slaughter

(Finnish-Uralic)





σκληρό βράχο, skliró vrácho, rough sharp, prosochi, caution, δίεση, díesi, sharp,  τσεκούρι, tsekoúri, axe Greek)
զգուշություն,

zgushut’yun, caution, սուր, sur, sharp, կացին, kats’in, axe, (Armenian)
kujdes, careful, i kujdesshëm, to be cautious, diez, sharp, kazmë, pickax,
  (Albanian)


kontuz, caution, zarrotza, sharp, demanding, aizto, knife,
aizkora, axe, (Basque)

cautes-is, a rough, sharp rock; caveo,
cavere, cavi, cautum
, to be on one's guard, beware,
cautus-a-um, caution, caute, cautiously.,
silex-icis, sharp
, flint, stone,
dolabra, pickax, ax, securis, axe

carraig ghéar garbh, rough sharp rock, rabhadh, caution, géar, sharp tau, axe, (Irish)
rabhadh, rough sharp rock, rabhadh, caution, geur, sharp,
tuagh, axe, (Scott)
rhybudd, caution, searp, sharp, sour, tart,
bwyell, axe, (Welsh)
cautelare, to take
caution, affilata-o, sharp, cutting, edgy,
ascia, ax (Italian)
prudence, caution,

dièse, sharp, hache, axe, (French)


સાવધાની, Sāvadhānī, caution, તીક્ષ્ણ, Tīkṣṇa, sharp, biting, trenchant, તેજ, Tēja, brightness, કુહાડી, Kuhāḍī, axe (Gujarati)
Dikkat, caution, diyez, sharp,  balta, axe, kazma, digging, digger, pickaxe (Turkish)
сақтық, saqtıq, caution, өткірөткір, ötkir, sharp, балта, balta, ax  (Kazakh)
ehtiyotkorlik, caution, o'tkir, sharp, biting, acrid, bolta, hatchet, axe (Uzbek)
эҳтиёт, ehtijot, caution, тез, tez sharp, acute, fast, табар taʙar, hatchet, axe  (Tajik)
сактык, saktık, caution, курч, kurç, sharp, балта, balta, axe, пикас, pikas, pickaxe, (Kyrgyz)
болгоомжтой байх, bolgoomjtoi baikh, caution, хурц, khurts, sharp (Mongolian)
警 告, Jǐnggào, caution, 刀, Jiān, acute, sharp, piercing, 尖,  Dāo, knife, 斧 頭, Fǔtóu, axe, (Traditional Chinese)
 


nahhant-, cautious, nah-, to be cautious, afraid, to fear, to be respectful, tuhhus->, tuhs, tuhus, tuhsanna/tuhsanni, cut off, separate, to be cut off, separated, tuhsant-, cut, shortened, tuhs-, cut, to separate a girl from her lover, atis, axe, tbar, to rule, govern, tbaraman, adj., ruling, governing,
tbaramahit, position of ruling, tbariala/i, governor, tbariala, to be governor   (Luvian) 

tapariie/a, #tapariála, tapariálato, rule, tapar-, to govern, reign, tbaria, ruling order, rule,
(Hittite)

a rough, sharp
rock; caution, [< cavere, tot ake care], care; to be on one's guard, prudent, [<Lat. prudens],
sharp, [<OE. scearp],

ax [< OE æx]
2-40


cautas (cavϴas),
Script M38
Possibly,
cavthas, codas, L. cauda, coda, the tail of an animal, caudex, codex, trunk of a tree, book made of wooden tablets,
AIS
Z525, Z263, Z432, Z614, Z681, Z887, Z1080, Z1274, Z1410, Z1591, Z1864, XQ-4, J41-12,
SILAC, Au56,
SILCI, B-25, TC273, TC283, BT-1, Z-1


nas (enclitic), us

mârâ, , ما  us
(Persian)

ჩვენთვის, ch’vent’vis, to us, ჩვენ, ch’ven, us (Georgian)

nâti, us, nâšni, Dat., to us, nâši, Dat, to us, for us (Akkadian)

нам, nam, to us, us (Belarusian)
nama, to us, nas,us (Croatian)

do nas, to us, nam, nas, us,  (Polish)
mums, to us, us (Latvian)
pentru noi, to us, ne, us, ourselves (Romanian)
meille, to us, us (Finnish-Uralic)


σε εμάς, se emás, to us, mas, us (Greek)
մեզ, mez, to us (Armenian)
ne
, na, neve, us, për ne, to us (Albanian)

guri, to us, gu, us (Basque)


nos, us, nobis, to us


dúinn, to us, linn, muid, us (Irish)
dhuinn, to us,us (Scott)
i ni, to us, ni, us, we (Welsh)

ce
, a noi, pron. to us, noi, us (Italian)
à nous, to us,
nous,  us, (French)


અમારા માટે, Amārā māṭē, to us, અમને, Amanē, us (Gujarati)
bize, to us, us (Turkish)

бізге, bizge, to us, biz, us (Kazakh)
bizga, to us, biz, us (Uzbek)

ба мо, ʙa mo, to us, мо, mo, us (Tajik)

бизге, bizge, to us, биз, biz, us (Kyrgyz)

бидэнд, bidend, to us, бид, bid, us (Mongolian)

對我們, Duì wǒmen, to us, 我們, Wǒmen, ws (Traditional Chinese)
 
 

-(ä)m (pron.), us, you, them (Tocharian)


antsa/ants, us, we, nts, us (Luvian)

-nnas,
–nas (Dat. Acc., Loc.), us, wes/nts, us, anzās (Acc./Dat. of wēs "we"), to us,  (Hittite)




to us [<OE ūs]

2-41


ce, Script Z111,
Z219, Z289, Z421, Z737, Z674, Z709,
Z937, Z1088,
Z1097, Z1591,
Z1835, TC179,
K119, AF-1, AD-1, N311, Q217, Q784,
R639, Au43, BS-9, BS11;
Ce, MS14

See also:
NOS, (NVS), AN-19, T-4, VP-4, XW-4
"our"?,
1-9, 6-56

NOI, Au103




yena, whereby,

ācarati (car), that  ced, conj. = {ca +
ied) and, also, even (w. prec. {api}), when, if (often prec. by {iti} = if thus, in this case). {atha ced} but if {na ced
(cenna}) or {no ced} if not, else. Rarely {yadi ced = ced} alone.




ýathra [-](adv.) where (Avestan)
cerâ, cegune, (قدیمی) چگونه   whereby, koj â کجا  where, ke, که conj., that (Persian)
რომ, rom, that, სადაც,
sadats’, where, სად, sad, where (Georgian)


adi, gadu, qadu, ḫadu, ad, as far as, up till, up to, agâ, aga’a, agaja, aga’i, annû, that, this, allû, that, the other, those, ammiu, ammītu (f.), that, the other
(Akkadian)




дзе, dzie, where, з дапамогай чаго, z dapamohaj čaho, whereby, што, što, that (Belarusian)
dzie, pron. where at; kudy, pron. where to, skul, pron. where from heta, pron. it, that; hety, pron., = toj, this, that (Belarus)
gdje, where, čime, whereby, da, that (Croatian)

gdzie, where, w wyniku czego, whereby, że, that (Polish)
kur, where, ar kuru, whereby, ka, that (Latvian)
unde, where, prin care, whereby, acea, that, acest, this (Romanian)
missä, where, jonka mukaan, whereby, että, that
(Finnish-Uralic)


που, pou, where, διά του οποίου, diá tou opoíou, whereby, ότι, óti, that (Greek)
որտեղ, vortegh, where, ըստ որի, yst vori, whereby, որ, vor, that (Armenian)
ku, where,  përmes së cilës, adv. whereby,
, that (Albanian)

non, where, horren bidez, whereby, garren, that (Basque)

qua, adv. where, which way, whereby, as far as, qui, adv, how?, with, which, whereby, somehow, indeed,
qui, quae, quod, What?, which?, who, which, that, what and this.







i gcás ina, where, trína, whereby, sin, that (Irish)
càite, where, far am bi, whereby, sin, that (Scott)
lle, where, lle y mae, whereby, hynny, that; (Welsh)
dove, where, per cui, whereby,  qua, adv. here; chi, who, quella, that, (Italian)
où, where,
par lequel, whereby, cette, that,  que, that, as, then, only, but, rel. pron. whom, that, which, what, qui, who, whom, that, which  (French)


ક્યાં, Kyāṁ, where,
જેના દ્વારા, Jēnā dvārā, whereby, કે, , that (Gujarati)

nerede, where, vasıtasıyla, whereby, o, that (Turkish)

қайда, qayda, where,
осылайша, osılayşa, whereby, бұл, bul, that (Kazakh)

qayerda, where, nima uchun, whereby, ...vositasida, whereby, through, bu, that (Uzbek)

дар куҷо, dar kuço, where, ба воситаи, ʙa vositai, whereby, ки, ki, that (Tajik)

хаана, khaana, where, үүгээр, üügeer, whereby, тэр, ter, that (Mongolian)

在哪裡, Zài nǎlǐ, where, 由此, Yóu cǐ, whereby, 那, Nà, that (Traditional Chinese)
 
    
  
 

kās
, this,
apā-,
apās, ani, that, apa-as, that, he, she, it, kuit, conj. that, because, kui-  that, which, who, what, kuwāpi, when, where, kuit apāt, what is that? (Hittite)

by which way,
where, also
whereby, or as far as, that, [<OE th
æt]

2-42


cea, Script N149, N254



āhāraḥ, food, nourishment, bharman, support,
nourishment; tarpana, satiating,
refreshing, comforting;
pitu, drink;
nourishment, food.


hvaretha [-], food (Avestan)
ğazâ, غذا food,
xorâk, خوراک food, ailiment, cuisine,  viand, nourishment
(Persian)
საკვები, sakvebi, food (Georgian)





'uzi, meat, aš(i)-o-ḫi-, ašoḫi-, ašoḫe, meal (Hurrian)





aršu, food, probably a fruit, uklu, food, ukullû, food, fodder,measure of decrease, aṣūdu, food, liquid served in a dish, aiwa, food made from emmer, kiništu, food offerings, class of priests (concerned with the preparation of food offerings), of  low status, isinnu, food portion, secular festival, religious festival, iptennu, kurummu?,kušātu?, ti’itu, food, naptanu, food, allotment, meal, banquet, time of the evening meal, evening, nebrītu, food, fodder, pasture, giddê, ḫulūu, ḫunzu, kišarānu, kizu, a foodstuff, nēperētu, food ration, šūkultu, food, fodder, banquet, putannatu, food, provisions?,
nēperētu, food rations,*lû, food platter or dish or the food it contains (Akkadian)



харчаванне, charčavannie, food (Belarusian)
,jeza
, food (Belarus)
hrana, food (Croatian)

jedzenie, food (Polish)
ēdiens, food (Latvian)
alimente, food (Romanian)
ruoka, food (Finnish-Uralic)


τροφή, trofi, food (Greek)
սննդամթերք,

snndamt’yerk’, food (Armenian)
hajë, eat,  ushqim, food, të ngrëna, eaten, ushqyerje,
nourishment
(Albanian)

janari, food (Basque)


cibus-i, food pascare, to
feed
esca-ae, food

bia, food (Irish)
biadh, food (Scott)
bwyd -dd, food; lluniaeth, food, nourishment, diet, repast, ymborth, food,
board, diet, fare,
repast, provisions
(Welsh):
cibo, food; cibare, to feed (Italian)
nourrir, to feed;
nouriture, aliments, food (French)


ખોરાક, Khōrāka, food (Gujarati)

yemek, food, meal, dinner (Turkish)

тамақ, tamaq, food, meal (Kazakh)

ovqat, food (Uzbek)

хӯрок, xūrok, food  (Tajik)

тамак-аш, tamak-aş, food (Kyrgyz)
хоол хүнс, khool khüns, food, khool, food, meal (Mongolian)

食物, Shíwù, food, meat, eating (Traditional Chinese)


ek, fodder (Tocharian)



mēmal, meal, ēd-> ezza/ezz, ēzzi, #at, ad-,  to eat,  edri, food, arha ed-, to eat everything up, edri, food, sanhua, sanhuna, a food,  tsinail, a foodstuff, tsowa, food, bread, edri, parsur?, food, (Hittite)




food [<OE foda], fodder [<OE fodor],
nourishment
[<Lat. nutrio-ire]
See also flesh

2-43


kebu (KEBV),
Script, Q829)





kaścit, any,  yad yad, whatever, whatsoever, anyat kiñcit, some, something else, any, yatra yatra, wherever,


če, چه,whatever, any, hyekgvnh,
هیچگونه  whatever, dr kja, در کجا wherever, kamy,
کمی some, etc., haer, any, what, whichever, such (Persian)
 რასაც,  rasats’, whatever, იქ, სადაც, ik’, sadats’, wherever, ზოგიერთი, zogiert’i, some, ნებისმიერი, nebismieri, any, someone (Georgian)

mimman, whatever, anything, nothing, indef. pron., ammar, whatever, as much as, minummê, whatever, everything, all, memēni, whatever, something, somebody, anybody, nobody, nothing, indef. pron., ja’umma, any, gabbu, any, all, every, entirety (Akkadian)


што заўгодна, što zaŭhodna, whatever, дзе заўгодна, dzie zaŭhodna, wherever, некаторыя, niekatoryja some, хтосьці, chtości, someone, любы, liuby, any (Belarusian)
sto, pron. what
chtos, chtosci,
pron. someone,
somebody; niekatory, pron. some; niekalki,
adv. several, some, few (Belarus)
štogod,
whatever, gdje god, wherever, neki, some, bilo koji, any (Croatian)
cokolwiek, whatever, gdziekolwiek,wherever, Niektóre, some, każdy, any (Polish)     
neatkarīgi no tā, whatever, kur vien, wherever, daži, some,
jebkurš, any, whichever (Latvian)
indiferent de, whatever, oriunde, wherever, unele, some, orice, any
 
(Romanian)
mikä tahansa, whatever, minne tahansa, wherever, jotkut, some, kaikki, any (Finnish-Uralic)



ανεξαρτήτως, anexartítos, whatever, οπουδήποτε, opoudípote, wherever,  μερικοί, merikoi, some, όποιος, ópoios, any (Greek)
ինչ էլ, 
inch’ el, whatever, ուր էլ որ, ur el vor, wherever, մի քանի, mi k’ani, some, որեւէ, voreve, any, մեկը, meky, someone (Armenian)
cfarëdo, whatever, kudo që, wherever, cilido, adj. whatever; disa, some, ndonjë, any
(Albanian)

edozein dela ere, whatever, edonon, wherever, batzuk, some, edozein, any (Basque)batzuk

quacumque [-cunque],
wherever, by whatever way, quisquis, quaequae, quodquod, quidquid, and quicquid, pron. whoever, whatever, all,







is cuma cad, whatever, cibé áit, wherever, cuid acu, some, aon, any (Irish)
ge bith dè, whatever,
ge bith càite, wherever, cuid, some, sam bith, any  (Scott)
Beth bynnag, whatever, ble bynnag, wherever rhai, some, unrhyw, any (Welsh)
checche, whatever,
dovunque, wherever, qualque, some, alcune-i, some,
qualunque, any (Italian)
peu importe, whatever,

partout où, wherever, quelque, some, a few, quelconque, any, some, mundane (French)


ગમે તે, Gamē tē, whatever, ગમે ત્યાં, Gamē tyāṁ, wherever,
કેટલાક, Kēṭalāka, some, કોઈપણ, Kō'īpaṇa, any (Gujarati)
ne, what, whatever,

her nerede, wherever, biraz, some, herhangi, any, whichever (Turkish)

не болса да, ne bolsa da, whatever, қай жерде, qay jerde, wherever, кей-бір, key-bir, some,
кез келген, kez kelgen, any (Kazakh)

nima bo'lsa ham, whatever, qayerda, wherever, biroz, some,
har qanday, any (Uzbek)

да ман чӣ, da man cī, whatever, ҳар ҷо, har ço, wherever, баъзе, ʙa'ze, some, ягон, jagon, any (Tajik)

эмне болсо да, emne bolso da, whatever, кайда болбосун, kayda bolbosun, wherever, кээ бир, kee bir, some, кандайдыр бир, kandaydır bir, any, any (Kyrgyz)
ямар ч,
yamar ch, whatever, any, хаана ч, khaana ch, wherever, зарим нь, zarim ni, some, (Mongolian)

任何, Rènhé, whatever, any, 哪裡, Nǎlǐ, wherever, 一些, Yīxiē, some (Traditional Chinese)
   
 


qid-a, whatever (Lycian),

kuiesqa, some, kuis-ha, any, some ( kui-, that, which, what, who, kui kui, whatever, whoever, whichever, kuat ima kuat, whatever, whoever, whichever, kui-imma kui, whichever,  kuisk-> any, some one thing, (Hittite)


pronoun,
whatever, wherever, some,
any

2-44


cek, Script Z64, Z648, Z1628
ceka, Script AV-5
cechasi (CE
ASI), Script K-94, Script Z64, Z648, Z1628

kaści, any,  anyadayīya, belonging to that or those, kāsucicchā-
khāsu, some



ka, kahe, who
(Avestan)
ke, کی who, kodâm, کدام any, which, če,
چه any, as, which, whether, that, kamy, کمی  some (Persian)
ვინ, vin, who,
რა, ra, what, ნებისმიერი, nebismieri, any, ზოგიერთი, zogiert’i, some (Georgian)


ja’umma, any, gabbu, any, all, every, entirety, ajû, , ajītu, who, which, what,  šumu, pron. and conj., any, because of, name, offspring, etc. (Akkadian)

хто, chto, who, што, što, what, любой, liuboj, any, некаторыя, niekatoryja, some, (Belarusian)
niekatory, pron.
some; niekalki,
adv. several, some,
few (Belarus)

tko, who, što, what, bilo koji, any, neki, some,  (Croatian)

każdy, any, Niektóre, some (Polish)
jebkura, any, daži, some, kurš, who, kas, which, what, ka, that (Latvian)

orice, any, niste, some, care, who, ce, what, cei, acestea, those, acea, , that (Romanian)
mitään, any, anything,  jonkin verran, some, kuka, who, joka, which, mitä, what, että, that (Finnish-Uralic)


ο οποίοςo opoios, who, any, τι, ti, what, οι οποίες, oi opoíes, any, which, μερικοί, merikoi, some, pou, which, ekeinos, oti, oste,that (Greek)
ով, ov, who,  ինչ,
inch’, what, որը, vory, which, ցանկացած, ts’ankats’ats, any, մի քանի, mi k’ani, some,   (Armenian)
, that; cfarë, what,  kush, who, ndonjë, any, disa, some (Albanian)

edozein, any, baten bat, adj., any,
batzuk, some, hori, that, (Basque)

quae, any, some, aliquit, adj., some, ullus, adj., ecqui-ae-od, interrog., any, ecquis-id, pron. interrog., anyone, anything
qui, who, that, which









 
aon, any, all, cuid,  some, a, who, which, Cad, what,  (Irish)
, who, dè, which, what,
sam bith, any,  cuid, some, (Scott)
unrhyw, any, rhai, some, pwy, sawl, a, who; pa, a, which; a, hwnnw (honno), that; hwn (hon), this; beth, pa, what,(Welsh)
qualunce, any, alcuni, some, qualche, some, chi, who, quella-o, that (Italian)
quelque, aucun, tout, any,
quelques-uns, quelques-unes, some, quelle, what, lequel, which, qui, who, which, that, whom, certains, some, cette, ce, adj., that, quequi, who, which, that, whom (French)


કોઈપણ, Kō'īpaṇa, any, ચોડા, Cōḍā, some, few (Gujarati)

herhangi, any, whichever, biraz, some (Turkish)

кез келген, kez kelgen, any, кей-бір, key-bir, some (Kazakh)

har qanday, any, biroz, some (Uzbek)
ягон, jagon, any,  баъзе, ʙa'ze, some, камӣ, kami, some  (Tajik)

кандайдыр бир, kandaydır bir, anyкээ бир, kee bir, some (Kyrgyz)

ямар ч, yamar ch, any, зарим нь,  zarim ni, some (Mongolian)

任 何, Rènhé, any, whichever, 一些, Yīxiē, some (Traditional Chinese)


ti+se, any (one), some, anyone (Lycian)

kuis
, who
, kuisa,  whoever, kuiesqa, some, kuisk
->
 any, some one thing,
kuis-ha, any, some (Hittite)


any, [<OE aenig], some [<OE, sum, a certain one]; relat. who, [<OE hwa], which, what, that

2-45


cei, Script
Q65, K119, TC290


kutah, kasmāt, because (why), iti, hi, because

,  for, indeed, because (Avestan)
zirâ
,
زیرا ,  because, conj., chun, چون,  conj., because, as, whereas, for as much, bah, katar, به خاطر, because of  (Persian)
რადგან,
radgan, because, ხოლო, kholo, but, whereas  (Georgian)

nēmel, nirit?, conj., because, kīmū, conj., because, according to, instead of, kīma, because, as, according to, as soon as, when, in the the manner of, that, whether, on account of, if, in case, so that, kūm, conj., because, otherwise, aššum, because of, concerning, on behalf of, on account of, with respect to, related to, appiš, because of the fact, since, qadu, because, since, šūt, because of, concerning, royal (Akkadian)

таму што, tamu što, because, тады як, tady jak, whereas (Belarusian)
jer, because, because of, for, dok, whereas (Croatian)

bo, conj. because,
for; dziela, pron.
because of, for; z-za, pron. because of (Belarus)
bo, conj., because, since, for, seeing that, ponieważ, because, since, for, tymczasem, whereas, meanwhile  (Polish)
jo, conj., because, as, for,
tā kā, as, since, because, whereas (Latvian)
deoarece, conj., for, as, since, because, , because, that, if, by way of, întrucât, whereas, as, because, since, for (Romanian)
koska, because, as, inasmuch, since, kun taas, whereas, while, whilst  (Finnish-Uralic)


επειδή, epeidi, because, since, as, whereas, γιατί, giati, adv., why, διότι, dioti, because, for (Greek)
որովհետեւ,

vorovhetev, because, for, whereas (Armenian)
sepse, because, just because, so long as, nga që, because, kurse, whereas (Albanian)

delako, because, zeren...bait, conj., because (Basque)


quia, because





mar, because,de bhrí, whereas de bhrí (Irish)
oir, because, ach, whereas (Scott)
oherwydd, because, tra, whereas (Welsh)
perché, because, mentre, whereas, whilst, when (Italian)
parce que, because, for, car, because, tandis que, whereas, as, whilst, while (French)


કારણ કે, Kāraṇa , because (Gujarati)

Çünkü, because, for, inasmuch, as, for (Turkish)

өйткені, öytkeni, because, ал, al, whereas (Kazakh)
chunki, because, negaki, because, holbuki, whereas (Uzbek)

зеро, zero, because, гарчанде, because, although, дар ҳоле ки, dar hole ki, whereas (Tajik)

анткени, antkeni, because, ал эми, al emi, whereas (Kyrgyz)

Учир нь, Uchir, because, харин, kharin, whereas (Mongolian)
因為, because, since, for, that, 然而, Rán'ér, whereas, however (Traditional Chinese)


kuyalte, conj. because (Tocharian)


kwisra/i, kwistsa, kuman, because (Luvian)

kuit
,
 because, since, what, conj. because, that,
aku − -aku, because, either because or because, sēr. because of, for, to the top of, to, concerning, handas, because of. according to, apata, appizza, because of that, therefore  (Hittite)


because [<ME bi cause], but, [<OE b ūtan)

2-46

2-47 deleted

ceia, Script, Z63?, Z681, M78, Q326, Q458, Z606, Z614, Z622, Z629

x

nan, آنان those, ishan, ایشان, pron., they,  ân-hâ, آنها, that, them, they, whom (Persian)
იმ, im, those, ისინი, isini, they, those  (Georgian)

sasina, fem.pl., those, the aforementioned,  šâšunu, masc. pl., those, the aformentioned, them, for them, to them, as for them, šât, fem. pl. they of, those of, which, šâtun, pron.,   those, šina, šināti, they, those, the aforementioned   (Akkadian)


 




тыя, tyja, those, яны, jany, they (Belarusian)
oni, those, they (Croatian)
te, those, oni, they, them, their, theirs (Polish)
tiem, those,
viņi, they, tie, they, those (Latvian)
acestea, those,
cel
, those, care, that, which, who, some, asta, that, it, aqel, aceea, that, acela, that, that one, ei, they, her, its, hers, ele, they, se, it, they, themselves, one, himself, itself,
dânşii, dânsele they,    (Romanian)
nuo, those, ne, they, them, those (Finnish-Uralic)


εκείνοι, ekeinoi, those, αυτοί, aftoí, they, these (Greek)
դրանք,
drank’, those, նրանք, nrank’, they, hers, its (Armenian)
ato, those, ata, they, them  (Albanian)

horeik, those, haiek, them, those, they  (Basque)


quegil, quel, those




iad siúd, siúd those, siad, they (Irish)
iadsan, those, iad, they (Scott)
y rhai hynny, those, nhw, they (Welsh)
quel, quegli, quelli, those, esse, essi, they (Italian)
ces, ceux-là, those;
quel, what, which, elles, ils, they
(French)

ka, this (Palaic)

tsa/tsi, this (Luvian)

-us,
 them, e-, kā-, ko, kī->, kās, apā-, ebe, this, sumēs, -smas, -e, they, ne (nu + -e), they, and they, -mas < -ma-smas, they, but they, -smas, to them (Dat. pl.) , -semi-, smi-, to them, to you (pl.),  (Hittite)


those, they, them
2-48


cel, Script
R64, G-1, TC325





śīghra, tvarita, swift, quick, prazu, adj., very quick, swift; turta,
adj. quick, swift;
senaju, adj., swift as an arrow; sthag,
sthagayati, pp.
sthagita, to cover, hide, conceal;
mluc, mlocati, to go to rest, hide behind, go down, set, apanidhā, to place aside, hide, conceal



aurvañtô [aurvañt], swift, quick, a steed, horse, racer, warrior, aurvat-aspa [-], swift-horsed, zâvare [-], swiftness, speed
(Avestan)

penhân kardan,
پنهان کردن to hide; fast, tond, تند adv. fast;
(Persian)
სწრაფი,
stsrap’i, swift; დამალვა,
damalva, to hide (Georgian)

puzzuru, adj., completely hidden, secret, pazru, adj., hidden, inaccessible, pišru, hidden meaning, interpretation, pazāru, to hide, conceal, stow, stash, to smuggle, to grant refuge, to shelter, etc., puzru, hidden place, things, seclusion, secret way, message, refuge, etc., puzru, marqītu, to hide, qebēru, to hide, to roll up, to cover up, to be buried, etc.,

katimtu, hidden region, hidden object, kitimtu, hidden knowledge, napāgu, to hide, disappear, to sink, ḫesû, to hide, cover up, pasāmu, to hide, to veil the face, to conceal, cover, etc., marqītu, hiding place, refuge, lāsimu, adj., swift, munnarbu, swift, runaway, runner, lasmu, adj., swift running, fleet, amṭu, adj., swift, sudden, quick, amittu, ḫīša, ur, quickly, ummuṭu, quickly, fast, zamar, adv., quickly, in an instant, hurriedly, amāṭu, zamariš, adv., quickly  (Akkadian)

хуткі, chutki, swift, sparki, adj. quick, rapid, fast; хаваць, chavać, to hide;
(Belarusian)
brz, swift, sakriti, to hide (Croatian)

ukryć, to hide, szybki, swift (Polish)
ātrs, swift; slēpties, to hide (Latvian)
rapid, swift; a se ascunde, to hide, conceal (Romanian)
nopea, swift; piiloutua, to hide, conceal (Finnish-Uralic)


κρυβω, kryvo, to hide, krybomai,
hid,
apokrypto, conceal; ταχύς, tachýs, swift,
grigoros, rapid;
(Greek)
արագ,
arag, swift; թաքցնել, t’ak’ts’nel, to hide (Armenian)
i shpejtë, swift, për t'u fshehur,
fut, strukem, to hide,
(Albanian)

Ezkutatu, to hide, azkar, swiftly, quick, fast, (Basque)

celo-are, to hide, 2nd pers. pl. celatis;
 cellarius-a-um, hidden
celer-eris, swift


go tapa, swift, a cheilt, to hide (Irish)
gu luath, swift, gus falach, to hide (Scott)
yn gyflym, swift,
i guddio, to
conceal, cloak, dissemble;
cuddio, to hide,
conceal, cloak, mask; (Welsh)
nascondere, to hide, veloce, swift
celere, adj., expeditious (Italian)
ces, ceux-là, those; cacher, to hide
celer, to conceal, rapide, swift, célerité, speed, swiftness, alacrity (French)

sanna/sann, sana/san, ulae, ule->  to hide, conceal, ulae, ules, to hide, to sneak away, kariie/a, to hide,  cover, munnāi-, to hide, monae, munnae, munnaea, to conceal, monanta, hidden, concealed, munnanda, adv., hidden, secret, nuntria/nutria, ptiali/ptalia, adj., swift, leliwant, adv., swiftly traveling, winged, swift, hurry, in a hurry (Hittite)



to hide, to secret away; to be swift, fast; speed [<OE sped, success]; code [<Lat. codex (older caudex) -dicis,  trunk of a tree; transf. a book
made from
wooden tablets]

2-49


cela, Script
AG-1;
CELeRIM, Script,
Z582;
celi, Script Z180, Z197, Z263, Z357,
Z412, Z421, Z1040,
Z1337, Z1345;
celo (CELV), Script
Z727, Z897, Z1203
celto (CELTV) , Script
Q813– probably celtv or, L.
celator, a
concealor, or
Celtae
arum
, the Celts


CELATI, AG-7

x იბეჭდება,
ibechdeba, Celt (Georgian)
кельт, kieĺt, Celt (Belarusian)
Kelt, Celt (Croatian)
celt, Celt (Latvian)

CELT, CELTUL, Celt;  CELTU, old Romanian for Celt (Romanian)
keltti, Celt (Finnish-Uralic)
Κέλτης, Kéltis, Celt (Greek)
հալեց,
halets’, Celt (Armenian)
kelt, Celt (Albanian)


Celtae-arum
celt, Celt (Irish, Scott, Welsh)
celta, Celt (Italian)
Celte, Celt (French)

Celts

2-50

celto (celtv)
, Script
Q813





kaj, kujati, -te, make inarticulate sounds, cry, sing, moan, groan chatter, prate, talk,  blow, bluster, hiss, whistle, snort, breathe, sigh, raṭati, groan, krandati, to lament, cry, anurud, ladiakatuament;
zvas, zvasiti, zvasati,
lament, wail



nâlidan, نالیدن groan,
to sigh, mrs̄yh, مرثیه lament (Persian)
კვნესა,
k’vnesa, to groan, moan, sigh, ლაგუნა, laguna, to lament (Georgian)

nâqu, to groan, cry, labû, to groan, growl, to howl, qubbû, to lament, qubbû, lamentation, nabû, to lament, to wail, nubû, lamentation, wailing,
naḫāsu, to lament, wail, to sob,
iršannišakku, lamentation prayer 
(Akkadian)


стагнаць, stahnać, to groan, moan, наракаць, narakać, to lament (Belarusian)
jencec, to moan
(Belarus)
stenjati, to groan, moan, žaliti, to lament (Croatian)

jęczeć, to groan, lamentować, to lament (Polish)

nomocīt, to groan, nožēlot, to lament (Latvian)
să urlească, to groan, a gem, to moan, să se plângă, to lament (Romanian)

vaivata, to groan, valittaa, to lament (Finnish-Uralic)

να ηρεμήσει, na iremísei, to groan, να θρηνώ, na thrinó, to lament, mourn weep, (Greek)
ցնցում,
ts’nts’um, to groan, աղաղակելու համար, aghaghakelu hamar, to lament (Armenian)
për të rënkuar, to groan,  ofshamë, to groan, moan, sigh,
për të qarë, to lament (Albanian)

gimen, to moan,
intziri, to groan, adiakatu,  to groan, moan (Basque)

gemo, gemere, gemui, gemitum, to sigh, groan

a groan, to groan, a chaoineadh, to lament (Irish)
a 'gearan, to groan,
a chaoidh, to lament (Scott)
i griddfan , to groan, i ladd, to  lament (Welsh)
gemere, to groan, lamentarsi, to lament (Italian)
gémir, to groan,
se lamenter, to lament (French)


રડવું, Raḍavuṁ, to groan, cry (Gujarati)

inlemek, to groan, moan, wail (Turkish)

ыңырсу, ıñırsw, to groan, moan (Kazakh)

nola qilmoq, to groan, moan (Uzbek)
нолидан, nolidan, to groan (Tajik)
онтоо, ontoo, to groan (Kyrgyz)
ёолох, yoolokh, to groan (Mongolian)     

呻吟, Shēnyín, to groan, moan (Traditional Chinese)

wesk-, wiya-, to,  lament,
taskupāi-, to moan, to scream (Hittite)

to sigh, groan [<OE grānian],
moan, lament [<Lat. lamentari]; of lions, to roar,

2-51, to lament, cry, wail



cem, Script
Z263, Z432, Z887, Z1192, Q701;
cemo (CEMV), Script
K36

See also,
2-55, to ask, lament, beg,

cere, Script Z133;
ceren, Script Z665,
Z737, Z755, Z769

ceres
, Script N505,
N563;
ceri, Z665, AF-10: ceris, AN32, SM-3,

ee also,
7-41, to ask, to speak

rac, Script Z192,
rak, Script Z263, Z336, Z412, Z516, Z582, Z1048, Q335
RAKaR,
Script
Z156, Z164, Z190, Z327, Z405, Z969, Z1013, Z1016, Z1027, Z1846, Z1869



bhojayati, to feed, bhojanaṃ, karoti, to dine, dinner, eat, jalapānam, lunch; āhāraya, to dine, take food; vis, vivesti, to stir,
not rest, finish food, overcome, conquer; ghas, ghasti, to devour, swallow, eat; jaks,
jaksiti, to eat, consume, sambhojya
adj. to be enjoyed or eaten; valbh, valbhate, to eat, taste; sayamazana, evening meal, supper


ad [-], to eat, to say (Avestan)
sâm xordan,  شام خوردن, to dine, sup, nahâr xordan, ناهار خوردن to dine, lunch, eat dinner, sâm, xordan,  خوردن to eat (Persian)


სადილობა, sadiloba, to dine, ლანჩი, lanchi, lunch, ჭამა, ch’ama, to eat (Georgian)


at-, to eat (Urartian)
zaz, to make eat, ul, #ulan, to eat (Hurrian)

patānu, to eat a meal, consume, to provide a meal, akālu, to eat, consume, provide for oneself (Akkadian)

абедаць, abiedać, to dine, абед, abied, lunch, есці, jesci, to eat  (Belarusian)
zjesci,  to eat
(Belarus)
večerati, to dine, ručak, lunch, jesti, to eat (Croatian)

zjeść obiad, to dine, lunch, to lunch, przekąska, to snack, lunch, jeść, to eat (Polish)
pusdienot, to dine, pusdienas, lunch,
ēst, to eat (Latvian)
a cina, to dine, Masa de pranz, lunch,
a mânca, to eat (Romanian)
ruokailla, to dine, lounas, lunch,
syödä, to eat (Finnish-Uralic)


να δειπνήσω, na deipníso, to dine, μεσημεριανό, mesimerianó, lunch, να φάω, na fáo, to eat  (Greek)
ճաշելու համար,

chashelu hamar, to dine, լանչ, lanch, lunch, ուտել, utel, to eat (Armenian)
ha darkë, eat dinner, ha drekë, eat lunch,
darkë, dinner,
për të ngrënë, to eat (Albanian)

afaldu, to dine, jan, to eat (Basque)


ceno-are, to dine, prandium-i, lunch,
edo-edere and esse, edi, esum, to eat, fig. to devour, vescor-i, to feed, eat, enjoy, haurio-rire-si-stum, to draw, draw off, derive, to drain, empty, exhaust, to take in, drink, swallow, devour,
mando-are-avi-atum, to chew, eat, devour

chun dine, to dine, lón, lunch, ith, to eat (Irish)
gus biadh ithe, to dine, lòn, lunch,
ri ithe, to eat (Scott)
i fwyta, to dine,
ciniawa
, to dine, lunch, cineo, lunch,
bwyta, to eat (Welsh)
cena, supper, pranzo, lunch,
mangiareto eat (Italian)
dîner, to dine, souper,, supper, le déjeuner, lunch, manger, to eat (French)


જમવું, Jamavuṁ, to dine, બપોરનો અલ્પાહાર, Bapōranō alpāhāra, lunch (Gujarati)
yemek, yemek, to dine,
öğle yemeği, lunch (Turkish)

тамақтану, tamaqtanw, to dine, түскі ас, tüski as, lunch (Kazakh)

ovqatlanmoq, to dine, tushlik, lunch, dinner (Uzbek)
хӯрок хӯрдан, xūrok xūrdan, to dine, хӯроки нисфирӯзӣ, xūroki nisfirūzī, lunch (Tajik)

түштөнүү, tüştönüü, to dine, түшкү тамак, tüşkü tamak  (Kyrgyz)
хооллох, khoollokh, to dine, үдийн хоол, üdiin khool, lunch (Mongolian)
用餐, Yòngcān, to dine, 午餐, Wǔcān, lunch  (Traditional Chinese)
 
 

súwa, to eat (Tocharian)


#ata, to eat (Palaic)

et-, ud-, to eat (Nesian)

ezza/ezz, ēzzi, ēd->,  ed/ad, #at, ad-, to eat, azzikk, to eat again, adore, adanna, in order to eat,   arsiya-, to eat well, take care of oneself, arha ēd--, to eat everything up, hassik-, ispāi-, to eat one's fill  (Hittite)

to dine,[<OFr. diner],  on, eat, [<OE etan],  lunch [< perhaps, Sp lonja, slice], injest, [<Lat. ingestus, pp. of ingerere,  to carry in, to digest [<Lat. digere, to divide, separate]


2-52



cen, Script
AL-8, TC150;

ceno (CENV), Script
N216, K52

See also,
3-151, to eat,

esi, Script Z537,
Z918, Z1203,
Z1282, Z1326,
TC38, BT-5,
AN-22


esi ce (ESI Ce), Script BT-5
eso (ESV), Script N74, Q887, R-1, R100, R238, R286, MS14,
See also,
4-66, 4-67:
HARA, Script Q244,
HARaR, Script, Z308, Z378, Z1825,

HARE, Script,
Z953, Z1006, Z1057,  
HAREO (HAREV), Script, K130
HAUS, Z1300
HAUSA, CF-7

Note: Script Z has to do with preparation of a mummy; Script CF is a mirror illustrating what appears to be a child sacrifice by Mars and Laurentia 



dala, branch, zakha adj., branch, limb, arm, leg, finger ramification, species, sort; vitapa, branch, twig, bush, taka, stem, bhuja, arm, branch,
trunk of an elephant, coil of a snake; avrazcana, tree stump;
vepres, twigs [Rig Veda Book IX.3), tāmram, copper,

arema [-], arm (Avestan)
sâxe, شاخه, branch, bough, sprout,  tak, تاک, grape, vine, roz, رز, grapevine, vine, bâzu, بازو arm, limb
(Persian)
ვაზის ფილიალი,
vazis p’iliali, vine branch, ვაზის მარაგი, vazis maragi, vine stock, ფილიალი, piliali, branch, მკლავი, mk’lavi, arm (Georgian)

lamû, branch,
arinû, a branch, larû, branch, fork, aṭṭu, branch, shelf, staff, stick, scepter, twig, atappu, a small branch of a canal, appau, branches, brush, armatu, copper part on door, (Akkadian)

лаза філіял, laza filijal, vine branch, галіна, halina, branch, рука, ruka, arm, hand (Belarusian)
halina, branch,
twig; pien, trunk (Belarus)
grana vinove loze, vine branch, grana, branch, limb, bough, ruka, arm, hand (Croatian)

gałąź winorośli, vine branch, gałąź branch, ramification, konar, branch, limb, arm, filia, branch, agency, ramię, arm, shoulder, limb (Polish)
saka, forked branch, vitis, tree limb (Baltic-
Sudovian)
vīnogu šķirne, vine branch, vīnogulāju krājumi, vine stock,
atteka, arm, armlet, branch, roka, arm, hand, kāts, stem (Latvian)
ramura de viță de vie, vine branch,
ramură, branch, twig, bough, ram, antler, bough, ramuri, antlers, boughs, arama, brass,  arămi, to coat with copper, copperplate, cep, the tap of a wine barrel, cepe, onions, arme, arm, arms, tijă, stem (Romanian)
viiniköynnöksen haara, vine branch haara, branch, arm, limb  (Finnish-Uralic)


κλαδί αμπέλου, kladí ampélou, vine branch, stock, κλαδί, kladí, branch, μπράτσο, brátso, arm, κοτσάνι, kotsáni, stem, stalk  (Greek)
խաղողի մասնաճյուղ,
khaghoghi, vine branch, ոստ, vost, branch, բազուկ, bazuk, arm (Armenian)
dega e hardhisë, vine branch,
dege (bot), branch, filial, branch, krah, arm, wing, hand (Albanian)

mahatsondo adarra, vine branch, mahastia, vine stock, adar, branch, horn, shaft, besoa, arm (Basque)

ramus-i, bough, branch, twig; stipes-itis, a log, stump, tree-trunk, branch, post, club; separo-are,
to separate, consider
separately;
pila-ae a pillar, pier, bookstall

  brainse fíniúna, vine branch, brainse, branch,  stoc fíniúna, vine stock, lámh, arm, hand, gas, stem (Irish)
meur fìonain, vine branch, meur, branch, stoc fìon, vine stock, gàirdean, arm (Scott)
cangen gwinwydd, vine branch, cainc, cangau, ceinciau branch, arm, bough, limb, stoc winwydd, vine stock, braich, arm, shsft, spoke, cas, stem  (Welsh)
ceppo di vite, vine stock,  ceppo, stump, log, vine-stock, beams, stock, ramo, branch, braccio, arm, hand, rame, copper; ramare, to coat with copper (Italian)
branche de vigne, vine branch, cep, vine stock,
cépage, vine plant;
branche, branch, bras, arm, branch, ramure,  boughs, antlers, rame, stick, oar  (French)


વેલોની શાખા, Vēlōnī śākhā, vine branch, શાખા, Śākhā, branch, હાથ, Hātha, arm (Gujarati)
asma dalı, vine branch, dal, branch, twig, arm, kol, arm, branch (Turkish)
жүзім бұтағы, jüzim butağı, vine branch, бұтақ, butaq, branch,
филиал, fïlïal, branch, subsidiary, қол, qol, arm, hand (Kazakh)
tok novdasi, vine branch, shoxcha, branch, twig, filial, branch, subsidiary, qo'l, arm, hand (Uzbek)
шохаи ток, şoxai tok, vine branch, шоха, şoxa, branch,  бозуи, ʙozui, arm (Tajik)
жүзүм бутагы, jüzüm butagı, vine branch, бутак, butak, branch, кол, kol, arm  (Kyrgyz)
arm усан үзмийн салбар, usan üzmiin salbar, vine branch, салбар, мөчир, möchir, branch, twig, graft, salbar, branch, subsidiary, гар, gar, hand, arm (Mongolian)

藤枝, Téngzhī, vine branch, 枝, Zhī, branch, 臂, Bì, arm (Traditional Chinese)     
karke  [cf. B karāk*] branch (Tocharian)

alkistan, branch (Hittite)




branch [<LLat.
branca, paw],
stump, club, vine, [<Lat. vinum, wine], arm, [OE oearm], stock, [<OE stocc, tree trunk]

2-53


cep, Script Z737;
cepe, Script Z709? Q162
cepen, Script Z656, Z665, Z709, Z1139, Z1250, Z1359, M74
cepi, Script L31,
MS18;

cepis; Script Z35,

See also,
7-45,
ramas,  (Dat., Abl., Pl.),
Script Au7, ramo (RAMV),  (Dat., Abl., Sg.), Script Au74, N216,

ramor (RAMVR), (Gen. Sg.),
Script Z817,

ram, Script BS-26
ramoer (RAMVER),
Script Z826,

See also,
10-63,

tiga (TIbA), Script Q117;
tige (TIbE), Script R339;
tigi (TIbI), Script R359

See Note (2)


x

x

x

x

x

x

name, possibly the Greek god
Cepheus

2-54


Cephes, Script
N469
Cephii, Script N607, N638;
Kephes, Script Q406
vilapa,
lamentation;
zvas, zvasiti, zvasati,
te
, blow, bluster, hiss, whistle, snort, breathe, sigh; lap, lapata (-te), chatter, prate, talk, lament, wail; kaj,kujati, -te, make inarticulate sounds, cry, sing, moan, groan,  prcchati (-te), to ask, question, inquire, prach, pracchati (te), to ask, question, inquire, entreat,
invoke,
niryāc, to beg or solicit from, entreat, ask, request,  yācate, to ask, demand,
prayāc, to ask for, beg, solicit,  request, to ask for , beg , solicit , request niryāc


 







nimraomnô [ni
mrû], to speak
submissively, to
declare, to address,
wail,
Vas, to wish, want (Avestan)
rasidegi  kardan, رسیدگی کردن to inquire, investigate, rabt dâdan, ارتباط دادن to relate, connect, link,  porsidan, پرسیدن  to ask, geristan, گریستن  to weep, talab kardan, طلب کردن  to beg  (Persian)

ლაგუნა, laguna, to lament, იკითხო,
ikit’kho, to beg, ითხოვენ, it’khoven, to ask for (Georgian)


ašk-, to ask, šar- demand, wish, desire (Hurrian)

labû, to groan, growl, to howl, qubbû, to lament, lamentation,
qabû, to ask, pronounce, recite, report, etc., nabû, to lament, to wail, nubû, tassistu, lamentation, wailing, šallurānu?, lamentation, nâqu, to groan, cry, naḫāsu, to lament, wail, to sob,  arāḫu, to sing a lamentation, utter cries of mourning, etc., rigmu, lamentation, wailing, thunder, proclamation, noise, etc., iršannišakku, lamentation prayer, šigû, lamentation, a type of prayer,
labānu, to beg humbly, to exhibit utmost humility,  to pray contritely, etc., , erišūtu, request, request erēšu, to ask, request, to crave, desire, to be required,
  (Akkadian)

наракаць,
narakać, to  lament, спытаць, spytać, to ask, жабраваць, žabravać, to beg (Belarusian)
raicca, to consult, ask (Belarus)
na žalost, to lament,
pitati, to ask, moliti, to beg (Croatian)
lamentowac, to lament,  zapytać, to ask, żebrać, to beg (Polish)
asarat, to weep,

vakaut, to ask, prasit, to request, (Baltic-Sudovian)
raudāt, to lament,
jautāt, to ask, lūgties, to beg (Latvian)
pentru a cere, to ask for, beg, să se plângă, to lament,
a implora, to beg,
RĂCNI, to speak loudly, to roar, (Romanian)
valittaa, to lament, pyytää, to ask for,
kerjätä, to beg,
vaatia, to demand ( (Finnish-Uralic)
να θρηνούμε, na thrinoúme, to lament, να ζητήσει, na zitísei, to ask for, ερωτώ, eroto, to question, ask, inquire να επαιτούν, na epaitoún, to beg, (Greek)
աղաղակելու համար,
aghaghakelu hamar, to  lament, հարցնել, harts’nel, to ask for, հարցրեք, harts’ ’rek’, inquire, աղաչել, aghach’yel, to beg (Armenian)
te pyesesh, to ask,
qaj, vajtoj, to weep, për të qarë, to lament, për të kërkuar, to demand, kerkoj, to ask, request, seek, për të lypur, to beg (Albanian)

dolu, lamentation, eskatu, to ask for,

erregutzea, to beg (Basque)
queror, queri, questo, to bewail, lament; mendicare, to ask feverishly
cero-are
, to cover with wax,

precor-ari, to beg,
entreat, pray
priere, supplication, prayer book, ritual,

ag caoineadh, to bewail, fiafraigh, to ask, iarraidh, to ask for, to beg, a impigh, to beg (Irish)
 a chaoidh, to grieve, lament, mourn weep,
bewail, 
a dh'fhaighneachd, to ask, a dh 'iarraidh, to seek for, ask for, a ràdh, to say, a ghin, to beg, 'inntinn, to beg,  (Scott)
marwnad-au
, lament, elegy, dirge; alaethu, to lament; cwynfan, to complain, lament, i ofyn, to ask, i erfyn, to beg, implore, supplicate, erchi, (arch-, eirch),  to ask, pray, command, enjoin, 
siarad, to speak, talk, areithio, to speak, make a speech, harangue (Welsh)
lamentare, vt. to lament; demandare, to ask, pregare, chiedere, to beg, raccontare, ricontare, to tell, cercare, (chercare), to seek for (Italian)
lamenter, to lament; demander, to ask; prier, mendier, to beg, raconter, to relate, narrate, tell, recount, chercher, to seek for (French)



રડવું, Raḍavuṁ, to groan, cry, પૂછો, Pūchō, to ask, ભીખ માંગવી, Bhīkha māṅgavī, to beg (Gujarati)

inlemek, to groan, moan, wail, sormak, to ask, dilenmek, to beg, ask for alms (Turkish)

ыңырсу, ıñırsw, to groan, moan, сұрау, suraw, to ask, жалыну, jalınw, to beg   (Kazakh)

nola qilmoq, to groan, moan, so'ramoq, to ask, request, query, tilanmoq, to beg,  (Uzbek)
нолидан, nolidan, to groan, пурсидан, pursidan, to ask, илтимос кардан, iltimos kardan, to beg (Tajik)
онтоо, ontoo, to groan, суроо, suroo, to ask, жалынуу, jalınuu, to beg (Kyrgyz)
ёолох, yoolokh, to groan, асуух, asuukh, to ask, inquire, query, гуйх, guikh, to beg, run, start (Mongolian)  

呻吟, Shēnyín, to groan, moan, 問, Wèn, to ask, inquire, 乞討, Qǐtǎo, to beg (Traditional Chinese)


ākāl, [B akālk], to desire, wish,  prak, pärk, prek, to beg, pray (Tocharian)

kupri- (?): 3rd kupriti, to desire, kuprime- (?): Nt kuprimẽ, desired (Mylian)


#arija, to ask, punuss, punus-, to ask, to examine,  #mald, to ask, pnus, to ask a question, consult, investigate, EGIR-pa punus-, ask again, eshar sanh-wesk-, to ask for someone's blood, demand vengeance for someone's death, sanh-, ask for, want, to try, to search, ewakk->, uewakk, wekuwar , n. demand, wewakk->wēk-, wekk->, uewakk, wewak, to  demand, ask for, wish, to desire, wewak, to ask, demand, wek-,  (IR), to ask, to demand, to wish, to claim,  waluske/a, to ask of diety, piran sarā ep-, to ask an oracle, watarnah-, to ask, inform, to lead, to command, to inculcate, to entrust, to order, mūgāi-, to complain, #mugái-, to complain, oppose,  wiya-, to lament, taskupāi-, to moan, to scream,  (Hittite)

to bewail,
lament, [<Lat. lamentor-ari, to weep, wail, lament], whine [<OE hwinan, to
make a whizzing
sound];
mourn
[<OE murnan],
recount [<OFr. reconter], to tell,

to ask [<OE ascian], implore, [<Lat. implorare], pray, [<Lat. precari, to entreat],

pose, v., to present or put forward, position, [<Gk. pausis, pause], posit,  to put forward as a fact or position, [<Lat. positus, p.p., to place]
position [<Lat.
positivus,
formally laid
down]

 

2-55



cere, Script Z133;
ceren, Script Z665, Z737, Z755, Z769
ceres
, Script N505, N563;
ceri, Z665, AF-10:
ceris
, AN32, SM-3

See also,
7-41, to ask, to speak

rac, Script Z192,
rak, Script Z263, Z336, Z412, Z516, Z582, Z1048, Q335
RAKaR,
Script
Z156, Z164, Z190, Z327, Z405, Z969, Z1013, Z1016, Z1027, Z1846, Z1869,

See also,
7-20:
See also,
7-26:

prec, Script N533, N607, N676
prek, Script L38
prece, Script R294
precer, Script, R96, R128
PRII (2nd decl. pl?) Script ZB-1,

See also,
7-19:
pos (PVS) Script R619, R530, XK-2
posa (PVSA) XM-4
pose (PVSE),
Script N349, Q74, R248


x

x

x

x
 
Ceres-eris
x Ceres, goddess of agriculture; transf. bread, grain, corn

2-56

ceris
, AN32, SM-3
prakara, heap,
multitude; cayana,
heap, pile; stupa, agnicaya, heap or mass of fire, parivṛṇoti or vārayati, to surround, vṛttam, circle, maṇḍalam, circle, aṅgulī, finger ring, cakram, hoop, anything circular
 
agnicayaagnicaya
skarenayå [skarena], circular, round, frakârayôish [fra-kar], to draw circle around (Avestan)
dayrh, دایره circle, tude, توده heap,
kope,
کپه heap, pile,  hoard, hath kardan, احاطه کردن to surround, besiege, halqe, حلقه  ring, hoop (Persian)

წრე, ts're, circle,  ბევრი, bevri, heap, გარშემორტყმა,
garshemortqma, to surround,
ბეჭედი, bechedi, ring, ჰოოპ, hoop’, hoop
(Georgian)


hap-ti, ring (Hurrian)

gurunnu, heap, mound, amāru, to pile up bricks, kamāru, to heap up, pile up, to spread dates for sorting, accumulated, etc., karamu, to pile up, keep, store, raṣāpu, to pile up, erect, keep in good repair, nakāmu, adj., heaped up, amassed, nikmu, pile, parū gu, pile of grain, šaknu, heaped up, deposited, treasured,   appointed, šapāku, to heap up, pile up, store, cast metal, etc., šapku, piled up, heaped up, cast metal, šipkātu, mound, pile, investments, cast form, etc., šipku, accumulation, heap, mound, cast, etc., nētu, to surround, lamû, to surround completely, to be besieged, arrange objects in a circle, to wrap, etc., lamû, surrounding, walking round a field, kapālu, circle around, entwine, to form coils, etc, kippatu, circle, circumference, totality, hoop, etc., panakku, circle segment, kilīlu, circlet, headband, battlement, ešgurru, a metal ring, of finery, anatu, enqu, a ring, anšabutu, earring, uppu, metal ring, wheel metal tire, qudāšu, ring worn by women, šâ’u, to circle (said of birds), flutter, fly about, etc., nītu, encirclement, siege, grip, šusḫurtu, encircling?, tabāku, to heap up, store, stack, pour, spill discharge, void, annul, collapse etc.   (Akkadian)
круг, kruh, circle, куча, kuča, heap, атачаць, atačać, to surround, кальцо, kaĺco, ring, абруч, abruč, hoop  (Belarusian)
akruzyc, v. perf.
to surround [mil.]
(Belarus)
krug, circle, hrpa, heap, cairn, cairn,
opkoliti, to surround, prsten, ring, papak, hoop (Croatian)
okrag,  circle, gromadzic, halda, kupa, heap, sterta, stack,  otaczać, to surround, pierścień, ring, obręcz, hoop (Polish)
grandis, preiperstas, ring
(Baltic-Sudovian)
aplis, circle, orbe, ring,
kaudze, heap, ieskauj, to surround, gredzens, ring, stīpas, hoop  (Latvian)
cerc, circle, hoop, morman, heap, a inconjura, to surround, inel, ring, hoop, circle
(Romanian)
ympyrä, circle, pino, heap, ympäröidä, to surround, rengas, ring, vanne, hoop, band, corselet (Finnish-Uralic) 
κύκλος, kýklos, circle, orb, σωρός, sorós, heap,  να περικυκλώσει,
na perikyklósei, to surround, δαχτυλίδι, dachtylídi, ring, κρίκος, kríkos, hoop  (Greek)
շրջան, shrjan, circle, կույտ, kuyt, heap, հարցրեք շրջապատը, harts’rek’ shrjapaty, to surround, օղակաձեւ, oghakadzev, ring, կողպեքը, koghpek’y, hoop (Armenian)
rreth, circle, ring, grumbull, heap,
turrë, stack, head, rrethoj, wreath,
përqarkoj, to
surround,
rreth për të luajtur, hoop (Albanian)

zirkulu, circle, pila, heap, arazoak izaten ari, heap, pila, pile, stack, mordo, pile, mass, inguratu, to surround, encircle, eraztuna, ring, uztaia, hoop (Basque)  
acervo-are, to heap up acervus-i, heap,
circus-i, ring

ciorcal, circle, gcarn, heap, cairn, cairn, timpeall, to surround, fáinne, ring, fonsa, hoop  (Irish) crann, heap,
curnenu, curnenn, to heap, stack,  càrn, a heap, pile, amgylchu,
amgylch, to surround,
encircle, compass,
encompass;
tyrru, to surround, amgarn-au, metal circle, ferrule, ring va. heap, pile,
cearcall,  hoop (Scott)
cylch, circle, 
curnennu
, to heap,
stack;
pentyrro, to
heap, pile, accumulate,
amass,
ffoniwch, ring, cylchdroi, hoop (Welsh)
cernere, to choose, sort, mucchio, heap, circondare, to surround, cerchio, circle, hoop, squillare, ring   (Italian)
tas, pile, heap, stack, mass,  cerne, ring, circle cerner, to surround, cerceau, hoop, cercle, circle (French)


વર્તુળ, Vartuḷa, circle, ઢગલો, Ḍhagalō, heap, ઘેરવું, Ghēravuṁ, encircle, to surround, વીંટી, Vīṇṭī, ring, હૂપ, Hūpa, hoop  (Gujarati)

çember, circle, round, hoop, daire, circle, apartment, rooms, yığın, heap, stack, mass, kuşatmak, to surround, encircle, besiege, yüzük, ring, hoop, halka, ring, coil, circle (Turkish)

шеңбер, şeñber, circle, rim, circumference, үйме, üyme, heap, stack, қоршау, qorşaw, to surround, encircle, besiege, жүзік, jüzik, ring (Kazakh)
aylana, circle, round, ring, uyum, heap, amassment, 
to'da, heap, clump, flock, qurshamoq, to surround, blockade, envelop, halqa, ring, loop, coil (Uzbek)

доира, doira, circle, тӯда, tūda, heap, stack, pile, mass, иҳота кардан, ihota kardan, to surround, ангуштарин, anguştarin, ring   (Tajik)

тегерек, tegerek, circle, үймөк, üymök, heap, курчоо, kurçoo, to surround, шакек, şakek, ring (Kyrgyz)

тойрог, toirog, circle, овоолго, ovoolgo, heap, хүрээлэх,  khüreelekh, to surround, цагираг, tsagirag, ring    (Mongolian)
圈,
Quān, circle, ring, loop, 堆, Duī, heap, stack, pile, 環繞, Huánrào, to surround, encircle, gird, 環, Huán, ring (Traditional Chinese) 

kämpo
, circle,
kontāl, ring, [A warp, to surround, warp, enclosure, B] warp, surround, kurak*, enclosure?,  krop [B krewpe, kraupe], heap,  flock, crowd (Tocharian)

warpa/ilae, to surround, enclose, warpa, enclosure, anda w., to surround, hrbl(i), heap, to stack, pile, harpa-, heap, pile, harpae, to heap up, harpāi-, to heap, pile, hopa, heap,  hopae, heap, to pile up, #guta, gurta, enclosed space, asawar, enclosure, hulaliesr/hulaliesn, encirclement, (Hittite)
circle [<Lat.
circus-i, ring],
heap [<OE hëap]
compass [<OFr. compasser, to measure], circle, ring [<OE hring], hoop [<ME hop], warp, to twist, etc., [<OE weorpan, to throw], pile [<Lat. pila, pillar],
wreath, [<OE writha],
cairn, [<ME carne, of Celtic origin],



Cerniie, a family name?

2-57
cerniie (heaps,
tumuli?), Script Q19, Q23
 



avaśyah, inevitable, certain, krtanizcaya
adj. convinced, certain, sure;
vivada, dispute; vad, vadati, -te, to
speak, raise the voice, sing, sound, dispute;
atisaṃdheya, easily settled; sunizcita  well determined or quite certain 


imma, finally, rather, on the contrary (Avestan)
hatmi,
حتمی certain,  bahs kardan, بحث کردن to dispute, bahs, بحث dispute, m'yn,  معینs settled, decided (Persian)
გარკვეული,
garkveuli, certain, დავა, dava, to dispute, დასახლდა, dasakhlda, settled (Georgian)

kīša, adv., certainly, evidently, ṣalûtu, dispute, to hold a disputation, paqru, adj., disputed, contested, mitgurtu, disagreement, concord, consent, discord, agreement, napṣu, adj., settled, hit, broken, crushed, gamru, settled, terminated, whole, complete, full, finished, gamāru, to finish, to be settled, to bring to an end, used up, render a final verdict, to give in full, etc., pašāru, settle, to appease, relax, to be loosened, loosed, to resolve a legal case, to interpret dreams, to be anulled, etc., qatû, to become settled, finished, to finish, use up, destroy, to end, put an end to (Akkadian)


пэўны, peŭny, certain, аспрэчваць, asprečvać, to dispute, вырашана, vyrašana, settled   (Belarusian)
siguran, certain,
za osporavanje, to dispute, riješiti, settled (Croatian)
pewny, certain,
dysputować, to debate, spierac sie, to dispute, spor, controversy, ustalony, settled, fixed
(Polish)
noteikti, certain,
apstrīdēt, to dispute, apmaksāts, settled (Latvian)
anumit, certain,
a contesta, to dispute, stabilit, settled, (Romanian)
tietty, certain,
kiistää, to dispute, ratkaistu, settled (Finnish-Uralic)


βέβαιος, vévaios, certain, πόλεμο, pólemo, argument, controversy,  να αμφισβητήσει, na amfisvitísei, to dispute, τακτοποιημένο, taktopoiiméno, settled, (Greek)
որոշակի, voroshaki, certain, վիճաբանել, vichabanel, to dispute, բնակեցված, bnakets’vats, settled (Armenian)
disa, certain, vendosën, settled,
diskutoj, to discuss, dispute,  debatoj, to debate, dispute, polemizoj, to
dispute, adv. vendosur, decided, determined
(Albanian)

ziur, adj., certain, gatazka, dispute,

gatazka konpontzeko, to settle a dispute,
eztabaidatu, to discuss, debate, dispute, erabaki, to decide, resolve, polemika, controversy (Basque)

certo-are, certus-um,
adj. settled, decided,
certain, sure;
disputo-are, to debate, dispute, inquire

áirithe, certain, díospóid, to dispute, socraithe, settled (Irish)
àraid, certain,
airson aimhreit, to dispute, thuineachadh, settled, certaich, rectify, adjust, put to rights; ceartas, justice (Scott)
rhai, certain, 
sicr, adj.
sure, certain,
i anghydfod, to dispute, amau, amheu, to doubt,  dispute, contest, question, discredit,  setlo, settled (Welsh)
certo  certain., disputare, to dispute, sistemata,  placed, settled, deciso, settled, stabile, firm, settled (Italian)
certain, adj. certain, disputer, discuter, to  dispute, polémique, controversy, régler, to adjust, settle, établi, settled, established (French)


ચોક્કસ, Cōkkasa, certain, વિવાદ કરવો, Vivāda karavō, to dispute, નિર્ણાયક, Nirṇāyaka, settled, determining (Gujarati)
belirli, certain,
tartışmak, to dispute, kararlı, settled, decisive (Turkish)

белгілі, belgili, certain, дау айту, daw aytw, to dispute, қоныстанды, qonıstandı, settled   (Kazakh)
aniq, certain,
bahslashmoq, to dispute, barqaror, settled, resolute (Uzbek)

муайян, muajjan, certain, баҳс кардан, ʙahs kardan, to dispute, ҳал шуд, hal şud, settled, resolved (Tajik)
анык, anık, certain, талашуу, talaşuu, to dispute, жайгашты, jaygaştı, settled    (Kyrgyz)
тодорхой, todorkhoi, certain, маргах, margakh, to dispute, суурьшсан, suurishsan, settled (Mongolian)
肯定, Kěndìng, certain, 爭論Zhēnglùn, to dispute, 定, Dìng, settled, fixed (Traditional Chinese) 





āk, [B āke], end,
ākessu (adj.)  [B akessu, final (Tocharian)









pzzi-: 3rd pzziti, to decide (Lycian)

pzzi-: 3rd pzziti, to decide (Mylian)

markiie/, disprove of, markiya-, to disagree, tittiya-> establish, settle, tit(ta)nu, taninu, to settle, install, tuhus, to end, appa/appi, appae, appiie/a, to be finished, assanu-, to finish, to achieve, realize, accomplish, obtain, to prepare, to put into order, to supply, provide, ase/isanu, isnu(wa), to settle, seat,  trup, to be finished, to plaid together, to unite, collect, to collect oneself, karp-, to end, finish, zinna-, to be finished, to stop,  zinna/zinn zinnizzi/zinnanzi, to finsh, zenna-, to settle, to finish, to end, put an end to, to demolish, to go to its end, kattan d., to settle, carry out a task, tsini/tsinto, finish, tksesr, settlement, arrangement, combination, tksul, settlement, peace-treaty, agreement    (Hittite)





to settle [<OE setlan], by contest, stable, [<Lat. stabilis],
dispute [<Lat.
dipsuto-are
],
control;
certain
[<OFr. certain], sure, [<Lat. securus, safe], strident, [<Lat., stridere, to make a harsh sound], debate, [<OFr. debattre],

2-58


cert, Script R565, R574;
See also,
7-7:
polomk
(PVLVMiK)
,
Script Au68, POLOMiKU  (PVLVMiKF)
Script Au99



x


x


x


x


x


x
Gerion, herdsman of Spain whose cattle were stolen by Hercules
2-59
CERUN (CERVN)

CERUN (CERVN
), PH-3





anṛtaṁ vadati, to speak falsely, mithya, adv. wrongly, falsely, in vain; with {bru, vac}, etc. speak
falsely, tell a lie;
kaitava, deceit,
fraud, lie; asant, not existing, unreal, untruth, lie

aiwi-druzhaiti [aiwi-druj], false, to break a contract or agreement, to deceive, druj”, demoness, druj [-], deceit, deceiver, lie, lier, diwzhat,   [diwzha], deceit, hypocrisy, fraud, mairya, deceitful, nave, scoundrel, rogue, villain, (Avestan)


doruq, دروغ lie, fabrication, fiction, untruth, doruq goftan, دروغ گفتن  to lie (Persian)



მოტყუება, motqueba, to lie, cheat, ტყუილის თქმა, t’q’uilis tkma, to tell a lie, (Georgian)



#nahh, to lie (Hurrian)


kamami, kazbūtu, lie, kazābu, to lie,
pariktu, lie, injustice, parāṣu, to lie, to lie to, to violate, transgress, a trust, to break an oath, to deceive, to practice deceit, pirṣātu, lies, deceit, trickery, šugguru, to lie, cheat, šukunnû, false accusation, blasphemy, ullupu, adj., false, dishonest, crossed out, cancelled,  parriṣu, false, mendacious, criminal, ṣabru, false, malicious, urrāti, tasriru, falsehood, aburtu, falsheood, malice, aḫītu, falsehood, slander, misfortune, secrecy, hiding, šināti, in la šināti, falsehoods, improper actions or words, šāru, falsehoods, flatus, emptiness, etc. (Akkadian)

хлусіць, chlusić, to lie, сказаць няпраўду, skazać niapraŭdu, to tell a lie   (Belarusian)
chlusic
, to lie, tell
lies; chlusnia,
lie; fals, falsehood,
mana, lie, untruth (Belarus)
lagati, to tell a lie,
govoriti laž, to tell a lie  (Croatian)

kłamać, to lie, powiedzieć kłamstwo, to tell a lie (Polish)
melot, to lie,
pateikt melus,  to tell a lie  (Latvian)
a minti, to lie,
a spune o minciuna, to tell a lie   (Romanian)
valehdella, to tell a lie (Finnish-Uralic)


να ψέματα, na psémata, to tell a lie, (Greek)
խաբել, 
khabel, to deceive, սուտ ասել, sut asel, to tell a lie   (Armenian)
te genjesh, to lie,

për të thënë një gënjeshtër, to tell a lie,
falsifikoj, to falsify (Albanian)

gezurra esan, to lie,
gezurra esateko, to tell a lie, faltsutasuna, falsehood (Basque)

mentior-iri, -itus, to lie, deceive, to say falsely,
mendacium-i, to lie mendacium

bréag a insint, to tell a lie (Irish)
a dh ’innse breug, to tell a lie (Scott)
i ddweud celwydd, to tell a lie (Welsh)
mentire, to lie,
dire una bugia, to tell a lie   (Italian)
gésir, to lie,
dire un mensonge, to tell a lie   (French)


જૂઠું બોલવું  જૂઠું બોલવું Jūṭhuṁ bōlavuṁ, to tell a lie (Gujarati)

Yalan söylemek, to tell a lie (Turkish)

өтірік айту, ötirik aytw, to tell a lie (Kazakh)

yolg'on gapirmoq, to tell a lie (Uzbek)

дурӯғ гуфтан, durūƣ guftan, to tell a lie (Tajik)

жалган айтып, jalgan aytıp, to tell a lie (Kyrgyz)

худлаа хэлэх,
khudlaa khelekh,
to tell a lie (Mongolian)

說謊, Shuōhuǎng, to tell a lie (Traditional Chinese)
 
 

klāwa- keṃ [B, aṅkaiṃ], false, wrong, in vain, guhākune* (n.a.)  [B kuhākäññe], deception, trickery (Tocharian)


mrssxa-,  mrssxã, falsehood (Lycian)

apla, entrap, aplae, deceit, trap, mrsant, deceitful, dishonest, unholy, mrsadrdeception, fraud, treachery (Hittite) 



to lie [<OE ogan],

2-60


kes, Script
N453, N563






avasthitiḥ, stop, hindrance, tiṣṭhati, to remain, viramati, to cease, jahātizI, to leave off, abandon, ziyate, fall, cease, perish; visarjana,
cessation, end, letting go; srj, srjati, -te, sarjati {prati} send forth, give up, resign, yield, cease

  negah dâštan, نگه داشتن to hold, to stop, restrain, istâdan, یستادن to stop, halt, abide, stay, bâzistâdan, بازداشتن to stop, veto, withhold, tamâm šodán, تمام شدن arrest, break, cease, stop, close (Persian) შეჩერება, shech’ereba, to stop, შეწყვეტა, shetsqveta, to cease (Georgian)


naḫḫ- to sit down; to set, to place (Hurrian)

padû, to stop,
to relent, to release, to spare, paāru, to stop, cease, conclude, to break up a team, remit an obligation, loosen, dissolve, etc., kalû, to stop, to detain, to cut off, to come to an end, to be closed, to cease, etc., naparkû, to stop, cease doing something, to end, to cease, to leave, to remain, to stay behind, to put an end to, parāsu, to stop, to cut off, to block evil, to sever relations, cease, etc., kâdu, cease, to come to an end (Akkadian)

спыніць, spynić, to stop, cease,  арыштаваць, aryštavać, to arrest (Belarusian)
prpynak, to halt, stop; prypyniacca, to stop;
spynic, v. imp.
stop, bring to a
standstill (Belarus)
prestati, to cease, zaustaviti, to stop (Croatian)

zatrzymać, to stop, zaprzestać, to cease, aresztować, to arrest (Polish)
stabdit, to stop (Baltic-
Sudovian)
apstāties, to  stop,
pārtraukt, to cease, arestēt, to arrest (Latvian)
a opri, to stop, a inceta, to cease, a aresta, to arrest (Romanian)
pysähtyä, to stop,
lopettaa, to cease, (Finnish-Uralic)


να σταματήσει, na stamatísei, to stop, να παύσει, na páfsei, to cease, παύω, pavo, cease, desist (Greek)
կանգնել, kangnel, to stop, դադարեցնելու համար, dadarets’nelu hamar, to cease (Armenian)
të ndalosh, to stop, to cease,
për të pushuar, to cease, të pushojë, to rest, arrestoj, to arrest  (Albanian)

gelditu, to stop, pause, arrest, eten, to cease, interrupt (Basque)

ceso-are, to stop

stopadh, to stop, deireadh a chur, to cease, eliminate,  a scor, to cease (Irish)
gus stad a chur air, to
stop, cease, sguir, to cease (Scott)
stopio, to stop, i roi'r gorau iddi, to cease, peidio, peidi, to cease, stop, desist, refrain, forbear, remit (Welsh)

fermare, to stop,  cessare, to cease (Italian)
arrêter, to stop, cesser, to cease (French)


બંધ કરો, Bandha karō, to stop, cease (Gujarati)

durdurmak, to stop, cease, arrest, abort (Turkish)

тоқтау, toqtaw, to stop, ceae (Kazakh)
to'xtamoq, to stop, halt (Uzbek)
бас кардан, ʙas kardan, to stop, cease, discontinue, истодан, istodan, to stop, stand, remain (Tajik)
токтотуу, toktotuu, to stop, cease (Kyrgyz)
зогсох, zogsokh, to stop, cease,
 (Mongolian)
停止, Tíngzhǐ, to stop, cease, halt, (Traditional Chinese)

āra-  [B āra-], stop, cease, give up, ārlune*, stopping, ceasing (Tocharian)


tsini/tsinm, to stop, to finish, to be ready with, to destroy, to go to the end, zinna- , stop, to finish, to be finished, rae, to stop, reign in, overpower, arāi-, to halt, revolt, to revolt, to rise, ep-, stop, to grab, to take, to occupy a place, to take for husband/wife, istappuliie/a, stopper, to use as a stopper, istapuli, stopper, plug, lid, cover, istapulie/a, stopper, sakuwantariya-, stop, to rest (Hittite)







to stop [<Lat.
stuppare, to stop with a tow; Gk, stuppe, tow], cease, [<Lat. cessare], yield,

arrest, [<OFr arester]
2-61


ces, Script TC327, AD-1;
cesa, Script Z1265,
Z1310;

ceso (CESV)
, Script Z489, TC170, TC298, F-13, AG-1, Q661, Q692, Q726, Q745, Q847, R661,

See also,
4-62,
halt, Script Z583, Z1282?

See also,
9-54, stay, stand,
sta, Script N206, TA-2, AF-6
star, Script TC190;
STAReS, Script TC298:
stai, Script Z638;
ste, Script N139;
sti, Script Z47, Z155, Z206, Z245, TC238, K79
sto (STV),
Script
Q303





sarvaḥ, everyone, everybody, pṛthak pṛthak, severally,
ekaikaḥ, apiece, each, kas, who




haurvãm [haurva], all, entire, complete (Avestan)
har, هر each, every, an, any, har yek, هر یک each, any, an, whichever, hame, همه everyone, all, totally, ky, کی, who, ast, است is  (Persian)
თითოეული,
t’it’oeuli, each (Georgian)


#heyari, šui(-ne), all, every, hiyarunna, all (Hurrian)

ištātan
, each, jamutu, pron., each,
attamannu, each and every one, whoever you are, mitḫāriš, each one (of two or more persons, objects, etc., enumerated), to the same extent or degree, everywhere, collectively, unanimously, at every occasion, all over, in a group, aḫennā, aḫinnū, each separately, singly, aḫmaḫu, each other (Akkadian)

кожны, kožny, each, хто, chto, who is  (Belarusian)
kozny
, pron. every, each
(Belarus)
svaki, each,
tko je, who is (Croatian)
każdy, each, every, kto jest, who is (Polish)
katrs, each,
kurš ir, who is, kas, which, what (Latvian)
cest, each, this one,
care este, who is (Romanian)
kukin, each,
kuka on, who is (Finnish-Uralic)


καθε, kathe, each, every, καθένας kathenas, each, everyone, every, ποιος είναι, poios eínai, who is (Greek)
յուրաքանչյուրը,

yurakanchyury, each, ով է, ov e, who is  (Armenian)
çdo, each, 
secili, each, kushdo, anyone, Kush eshte, who is,  kush, who (Albanian)

bakoitza, each, every, oro, every,
Nor da, who is (Basque)

quisque, quaeque, each, every, quis est, who is, quis, who? what, which? anyone, anybody, anything, how much, how many, qui, quae or quod, rel. pron. that, quid, qui, quae, quod, who; qui, which, what, in what manner? how?, qua, by which way, where, whereby, as far as, some, quo, where? to what place? in order that; because, whereby,








gach, each, ceann acu, each, , who is (Irish)
gach fear, each,
Cò a th'ann, who is (Scott)
yr un, each, pob, (bob), adj., each, every; pawb, everyone, all,
popeth, everything,

Pwy yw, who is, pwy, who, hynny, that, (Welsh)
ciascuno, ogni, ognuno, each,
chi è, who is, chi, who (Italian)
chaque, each, every adj., chacun, pron., each, qui est, who is,
qui, who, some, Qu'est-ce que c'est, what is it (French)


દરેક, Darēka, each, every, કોણ છે, Kōṇa chē, who is (Gujarati)
her bir, each, every, all, kim, who is (Turkish)

әркім, arkim, each, кім, kim, who is  (Kazakh)
har bir, each, every, kim, who is,  (Uzbek)

ҳар як, har jak, each, any, кист, kist, who is (Tajik)

ар бири, ar biri, each, ким, kim, who is (Kyrgyz)

тус бүр, tus bür, each, хэн бэ, khen be, who is  (Mongolian)

每個, Měi , each, 各, , each, 誰是, Shuí shì, who is  (Traditional Chinese)

kui+a, every, who, what, (Palaic)
kui+ha who, what?, Kui, whoever, Kwi, someone, anyone, kwi+ ha, interog. pron. who, what, kwis, kwis/kwis ima, someone, kwis/kwis, kwisha/kwisha...kwis, someone (Luvian)
 

hūmant-,
 all, each, every,
homant, each, every, kui+=(i)a, each every, kwi+ha, every, in every way, kuissa, each , kuis-a, everybody. kuata(n), every, in every way, dapi, adj., each, every, all, altogether, dapiant, all, every, dapiya-, dapiyant-,all, together, kas...kas, each other, heyaunna, all, panku-, every, complete, entire, all of, general, (Hittite)


each [<OE  ælc], every, [<OE æfry] everyone,
everything, who is, {<[<OE hwa], is

2-62


cesk, Script
N311, N378, Q171, R381, R554, R581,
R584, (used with la, lo, les, ie., cesk les)

See also,
3-8,

CHE (↓E), Script Au10, "what"
CHI
(↓i), Script Z29, Z489, Z665, Z709, J11, M74, AE-7, AN-59, R13, R115, R164, G9, "who,"
CHES (↓ES),
N453, N566, Z1582, TC156, o cease, 1st Pers.  sg.
CHIS
(IS),
within, on this side of, Script Z87, Z108, Z255, Z300, Z369, Z396, Z880, Z953,  Z1053, AL-16, BD-5  "which"

ci, Script Z290,
Z1282, Z1310,
Z1438, Z1654,
TC327, K132, AJ-16, R118, Au42

KI, Script Z1161,
M78, X119, CP49
Ki, Script Q21, M13, M74, G-8,  R-2, R16, R115, R170, XA-10, XA-23, XB-23

CIS, Script Q117, Z606, Z614, Z622, Z638, Z776, MS13 
kis (KIS) Script Z87, Z108, Z255, Z300, Z369, Z396, Z880, Z953, AL-16
, Script Q117, Z606, Z614, Z622, Z629, Z638, Z776; MS13

kis, Script Z84, Z103, Z255, Z300, Z369, Z396, Z880, Z953
,
ama amu, this, amu, that, id/am, that, ena, this, that, adasīya, belonging to that or those

 


ta [-], this, that, he, she, it, aya [aem]fî), this, ahyâ [aem], this, îm [aêm], this,
aêsha [aêta], aêshô->, this, that, îsh, ît [aêm], this, that,
anghå, this, those, âish [aem], these, those (Avestan)

in, adj., pron., این this,
, ân, آن  that, ynha, اینها  these (Persian)

 



ეს, es, this, these, რომ, rom, that (Georgian)




inV(-), pron., that, ini, ina, this (Urartian)
andi, andu-, this,
anni, ani, annu-, anu-, this, anam-, anammi-, this way, so, andi, andu-, that, -lla, -l, -nna, -n, that, anV-, that, (Hurrian)





annimû, this, the one in question, annû, this, that, agannû, *annīnû, this, anummû, this, the aforementioned, allû, that, the other, agâ, aga’a, agaja, aga’i,  that, this, ammiu, ammītu (f.), that, those, šâš i, that, to her, the aforementioned, šâšu, to him, to her, that, the aforementioned, šȋ, that, she, the aforementioned, šua, m. singl., acc. and gen. pron., that, the aforementioned, šuāšu, šuāti, that, to her, to him, (m., f., singl. oblique), the aforementioned, šūt, m. sing. that, he, the aforementioned  (Akkadian) 


гэта, heta, this, што, što, that,  гэтыя, hetyja, these (Belarusian)
hety, pron., toj, this, that (Belarus)
ovaj, this, da, that, ovi, these (Croatian)
to, this, that, it, ten, this, this one,
šis, this, šos, those, to, that (Latvian)
CEŞTI, acesta, this, these,
acea, that (Romanian)
tämä, this,
että, that, nämä, these (Finnish-Uralic)


Αυτό, Aftó, this, ότι, óti, that, αυτά τα, aftá ta, these, αυτοί, aftoí, these, they (Greek)
սա է,
sa e, this, որ, vor, that, Սրանք, Srank’, these (Armenian)
, this, that, këta, këto, these
  (Albanian)

hau, this, hura, that, hauek, these  (Basque)


hic, haec, hoc, this, these

seo, this, sin, that, iad seo, these, (Irish)
seo, this, ead sin, these, that (Scott)
hwn [m], hon [f], hyn [n], this; rhain, these, hynny, that, rheini, rheiny, those (Welsh)
questo, pron., this one,
quello, that, questi, queste, pl., these, (Italian)
ce, m., cet, cette f., demonst. adj., this, these, that (French)


આ, Ā, this, these, કે, , that, which, whether (Gujarati)
bu, this,
böyle, adv., thus, this, that, bunlar, these (Turkish)

бұл, bul, this, it, that,
мыналар, mınalar, these, осы, osı, these Kazakh)

bu, this, that, u/o'sha, that, bular, these (Uzbek)

ин, in, this, it, ки, ki, ҳамон, hamon, adj., that, он, on, that, инҳо, inho, these, онҳо, onho, these, they, those, their (Tajik)
бул, bul, this, ошол, oşol, that, булар, bular, these (Kyrgyz)      

энэ, ene, this, энэхүү,
enekhüü, this, тэр, ter, that, тийм хол, tiim khol, that, so far, эдгээр, edgeer, these (Mongolian)
這個, Zhège, this, 本, Běn, this, 此, Cǐ, this, these, 這, Zhè, this, these, , , that (Traditional Chinese)   


kuc-ne, conj. that, since (Tocharian)

ka, this (Palaic)

eb/ebñn/ebñni, this (Lycian)
tsa/tsi, this (Luvian)

e- kī->, Neut. of kā-, kās, ebe, anni-, si-, this, apā-, this, he, she, ka, ko, ki, this, kiswant, this, of this kind, kissan kissanna, like this and like that, adv., this way, thus, apās, ani, that, apa-as, that he, she, it, apās-pat, this, only this, si/oni/ni/ini, that (one), uni-, this, the same, edani, Dat. Sg. this, ediz, Abl. Sg., adv., this, besides, tuan, adv. tuanta, to this side, tuan...tuan, to this side...to that side, apiddaya, apāttaya, this too,   (Hittite)



this,[<OE thes],  these, that [<OE thæt]

2-63


cesti, Script
N590, N676, N711, N805, R248, R439,
R474, R521, R565,
R584

See also,
4-77a:
HIC, PX-1


anviṣyati, to seek, look for, adhikrta
adj. placed at the head, appointed,
superintendent,
magistrate, official, judge,
adhikaranika,
judge or magistrate
sthirīkaroti, satyāpayati, ratify., dharmah, justice

isa, to seek, look for, ratavô [ratu], judgement, judge, master, one who is in authority  (Avestan)
jastan, 
جستن   to seek for, jostoju, جستجو  enquiry, quest,

hakim slhyh, حاکم صلحیه magistrate (Persian)

ეძებენ,
edzeben, to seek for, მაგისტრატი, magistrati, magistrate (Georgian)


ḫazannu, chief magistrate of a town, quarter of a large city, village or large estate, mayor, burgomaster, headman, latāku, to question, to check measurements, calculations, to check on work in progress, to test, to try, to try out, to examine someone’s mood, to investigate, etc., pâru, to inspect, to check, scrutinize?, to look for, to search for, palāsu, to discover, to examine, to gaze at, to show, to cause irritation, preoccupation, trouble, concern, to see to, face, to face, paqādu, to inspect, to count, to administer a temple, a country, the world, etc.,  to take care of a house, animals, people, booty, etc., to provide a person with food, to appoint a person to an office, to assign a person to a task, etc., to count, to administer a temple, a country, the world, etc., to appoint a person to an office, to assign a person to a task , dajālu, in rab dajāli, inspector chief, (Akkadian)


магістрат, mahistrat, magistrate, шукаць, šukać, to seek for (Belarusian)
sukac, to look for,
seek (Belarus)
tražiti, to seek for, sudac, magistrate (Croatian)
meklēt, to seek for, tiesnesis, magistrate (Latvian)
caute, to seek for, magistrat, magistrate (Romanian)
etsiä, to seek for, poliisituomari, magistrate (Finnish-Uralic)


να αναζητήσει, na anazitísei, to seek for, δικαστής, dikastis, magistrate, judge, να ζητήσει, na zitísei, to ask for    (Greek)
փնտրել, p’ntrel, to seek for, մագիստրատուրա, magistratura, magistrate (Armenian)
për të kërkuar për to seek for, i magjistratit, magistrate, qytetar, magistrate (Albanian)

bila, to seek for, ikerketa, inquest, inquiry, detection, magistratu, magistrate, (Basque) 

quaestor-oris,
magistrate,
quaeso-ere,
to seek for, ask for


a lorg, to seek for, giúistís, magistrate, Breitheamh, judge (Irish)
a shireadh, to seek for, maighstir lagha, magistrate, britheamh, judge (Scott)
i geisio am, to seek for,  ustus-iaid, justice, magistrate, ynad-on, judge, justice, magistrate (Welsh)
cercare, to seek for, inchiesta, inquiry,
magistrato, magistrate (Italian)
chercher to seek for,  quêter, to go in quest of, beg, quêteur-oer,
collection-taker,

magistrat, magistrate  (French)


શોધવા માટે, Śōdhavā māṭē, to seek for,
મેજિસ્ટ્રેટ, Mējisṭrēṭa, magistrate (Gujarati)
aramak,
to seek for,
sulh hakimi, magistrate, justice of the peace (Turkish)
судья,
izdew, to seek for, swdya, magistrate judge, магистр,  magïstr, magistrate (Kazakh)
qidirmoq, to seek for,
іздеуsudya, magistrate, judge (Uzbek)

ҷустуҷӯ кардан, çustuçū kardan, to seek for,  судя, sudja, magistrate, магистрат, magistrat, magistrate (Tajik)
издөө, izdöö, to seek for, магистр, magistr, magistrate, сот, sot, judge (Kyrgyz)
хайх, khaikh, to seek for,  шүүгч, shüügch, magistrate, judge (Mongolian)
尋找
Xúnzhǎo, to seek for, 地方法 官, Dìfāng fǎguān, magistrate, 法官,  Fǎguān, judge (Traditional Chinese)
 
 


maraza-: N maraza, judge (Lycian)
trwan(i), to judge (Luvian)

hanna-?, to judge, decide, hanesr/han(a), to render judgment, sa(n)h, sa(n)h, to seek, look for, investigate, sah-, sanh-, to search, to try, to want, ask for, watarnah-, to inform, to lead, to command, to inculcate, to entrust, to order, to ask,   (Hittite)

magistrate [Lat. magistratus-us]; to seek
for, ask for; justice [<Lat. iustitia-ae, justice, equity,
ratify, [<Med. Lat. ratificare], search, [<Lat. circare, to go around],
inquire, inquest, [<Lat. inquirere]

2-64


cestor (CESTVR),
Script R164, G9

See also,
4-96,right

iusi (IFSI) S22



utsṛjati, to yield, give up, surrender; niradh, to deliver up, surrender; guni, to submit or
yield to; labh, labhate ( ti & lambhate), get,
obtain, receive,
procure, cede,
surrender, yield;
sampradā, to give completely up, surrender


 

taslim šodán, تسلیم to cede, surrender, yield, trak kardanترک کردن, to leave, allow, abandon, quit (Persian)

დათმობა,
dat’moba, to cede, გამოიღო,
gamoigho, to yield, დატოვება, dat’oveba, to leave, vacate (Georgian)


саступіць, sastupić, to cede, каб атрымаць, kab atrymać, to yield, пакідаць, pakidać, to leave, quit, desert (Belarusian)
paddacca, to surrender (Belarus)
predati, to cede, do nastanka, to yield,
otići, to leave, ostaviti, to leave, let, abandon  (Croatian)

cedować, to cede, ustąpić, to yield, go, zostawiać, to leave, let be (Polish)
atkāpties, to cede, lai iegūtu, to yield,
atstāt, to leave, let, abandon, quit (Latvian)
cedeze, to cede, CEDAU, I, they surrender,
pentru a da randament, to yield, lăsa, to leave, let, abandon, quit (Romanian)
luovuttaa, to cede, väistää, to yield,
lähteä, to leave,  (Finnish-Uralic)


παραχωρώ, parachoro, cede, grant;  να αποδώσει, na apodósei, to yield, allow, grant, concede, να φύγω, na fýgo, to leave (Greek)
դադարեցնել,

dadarets’nel, cede զիջելու համար, zijelu hamar, yield, հեռանալ, herranal, to leave, լքել, lk’el, to leave, abandon, quit  (Armenian)
për të lëshuar, to cede, release, heq dorë, to give up, cede, abandon, resign, ,  leave, give away, to yield (Albanian)

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, to go, proceed, grant, yield

a cede toradh, yield, fág, to leave (Irish)
gu cede, to cede, toradh, yield, Gu bhith fàgail, to leave (Scott)
i cede, to cede, ildio, to yield, forgo, gadewch, to leave, quit (Welsh)
cedere to cede, yield, surrender, give in,
lasciare, to leave, allow, quit, release (Italian)
céder, to give up,
yield, give away, laisser, to leave, allow, abandon (French)


સોંપવું, Sōmpavuṁ, to cede, છોડી દેવું, Chōḍī dēvuṁ, to give up,  છોડી, Chōḍī, to leave (Gujarati)

teslim etmek, to cede, give up, vermek, to yield, deliver, biramak, to leave, quit (Turkish)

беру, berw, to cede, give, go, yield, кету, ketw, to leave, depart (Kazakh)

bermoq, to cede, taslim bo'lmoq, to yield, surrender, tashlab ketmoq, to leave, vacate, bermoq, to  leave, confer, give  (Uzbek)

додан,  dodan, to cede,
даст кашидан,  dast kaşidan, to give up, тарк кардан, tark kardan, to leave (Tajik) өткөрүп берүүötkörüp berüü, to cede, түшүм берүү, tüşüm berüü, to yield, калтыруу, kaltıruu, to leave (Kyrgyz)

өгөх, ögökh, to cede, бууж өгөх, buuj ögökh, to yield, явах, yavakh, to leave, go, retire (Mongolian)

放棄, Fàngqì, to cede, give up, abandon, 屈服, Qūfú, to yield, surrender, 離開, Líkāi, to leave, depart (Traditional Chinese)



i, paii/pai, pi/pai, pāi->, #pai, pae, arrūsa pāwar, to go, It!, imp. of pāi-, “to go”, huinu-piran h, to make go forward, to act, handāi, to surrender, turn out, adapt, to happen, to create a matrimonial community, to notice by an oracle, to prepare, to arrange, to set out, to gather, lak, to submit, fall, to slant, to tilt,  holumr, holantsa, defeat, holantsai, defeat, infliction (Hittite)

to go, proceed, to turn out, happen, fall to the lot of a
person, retire,
grant, yield, to cede, [<Lat. cedere], to let, [<OE l
ætan], fugitive, <Lat. fugere, to flee]

2-65


ceto (CETV), Script N311, N378, Q162

uccasamzaya,
standing above (star); tar,
tārā or tārakā, star; stṛ , star

star, stara [-],
strãm,
stârãm, star (Avestan)
setâre,  starhستاره star (Persian)
ვარსკვლავი,
varskvlavi, star (Georgian)

kakkabu, falling star, meteor, star-shaped object or formation, star,
kakkabiš, adv., like a star, kakkabānu, star-like, covered with stars, kakkabu, star-shaped object or formation, falling star, meteor, star, kakkabtu, star symbol, star-shaped ornament, star-shaped brand, abairānu, name of a star, lammu, name of a star and the nether world (Akkadian) 

зорка, zorka, star (Belarusian)
zorka, star
(Belarus)
zvijezda, star (Croatian)
lauksend, star
(Baltic-Sudovian)
zvaigzne, star (Latvian)
stea, star (Romanian)
tähti, star (Finnish-Uralic)


αστέρι, astéri, star,
(Greek)
աստղ,
astgh, star (Armenian)
yll, star, hero, asterisk (Albanian)

izar, star (Basque)


stella-ae, star



réalta, star (Irish)
rionnag, star (Scott)


seren, star (Welsh) stella, star (Italian) étoille, star (French)


શરૂઆત, Śarū'āta, star (Gujarati)

Başlat, star (Turkish)

бастау, bastaw, star (Kazakh)

boshlash, star (Uzbek)

сар кардан, sar kardan, star (Tajik)

баштоо, baştoo, star (Kyrgyz)

эхлэх, ekhlekh, star (Mongolian)

開始, Kāishǐ, star (Traditional Chinese)

Sittar, a star, hastērz, hster, haster, (MUL),  star, #šittar, a star, wanupasdla/i, star, the morning star, a comet, a falling star? (Hittite)




star, [<OE steorra]

2-66


  STeLA? Script K12 (probably L. stela-ae, stele)

maanava, maanavah, man,
manuṣyatā,-tvam, mānuṣyam, mankind: q.v.: manuṣyāḥ, kṛṣakaḥ, peasant




mashîm [mashya] naire, vîra [-]  man (Avestan)
mard, مرد man, manly, son of Adam, kas, kârgar, man, nsan, انسان man, human being, mankind, dehqân دهقان peasant (Persian)
კაცი, k’atsi, man, კაცობრიობა, k’atsobrioba, mankind, გლეხი, glekhi, peasant (Georgian)

taršuani, man, 'aš-e, man, '-s(u)wa, human being (Urartian
taḫḫe, taġe, taγə, taḫe, man, male, taržuwa-ni, man, person (Hurrian)

lullû, man, lummunu-amēlu, unfortunate man, atmû rēŝētu, a word for mankind, nišū, mankind, human beings, people, workmen, soldiers, inhabitants, population, subjects of a king, serfs, retainers belonging to an estate, etc., abrātu, epâti, mankind, amīlūtu, mankind, the human species, human being, people, somebody, anybody, mitḫartu, mankind, totality, square (as a geometric term), side of a square, dūtu, manliness, virility,
eṭliš, adv., manly, mankind, ābibu, mankind (lit. noisemaker) (Akkadian)

чалавек, čalaviek, man, чалавецтва, čalaviectva, mankind, сялянская, sialianskaja, peasant (Belarusian)
čovjek, man, čovječanstvo, mankind, seljak, peasant (Croatian)
muzcyna, calaviek, man (Belarus)

covek, cove'cji mu', man (Serbo-Croatian)
mężczyzna, man,
ludzkość, mankind, humanity, chłop, peasant (Polish)
zmane, man (Baltic
Sudovian)
cilvēks, man,
cilvēce, mankind, zemnieks, peasant (Latvian)
om, man,
omenire, mankind, humanity, țăran, peasant (Romanian)
mies, man,
ihmiskunta, mankind, talonpoika, peasant (Finnish-Uralic)


άνδρας, andras, man, ανθρωπότητα, anthropótita, mankind, χωρικός, chorikós, peasant (Greek)
մարդ,
mard, man, մարդկություն, mardkut’yun, mankind, գյուղացի, gyughats’i, peasant (Armenian)
burrëri, nuerëzim,
mankind, njeri, man,
njerëzim, humanity, mankind, fshatar, peasant (Albanian)

gizon, man,
gizakia, human being, baserritar, nekazari, human being,
baserritarra, peasant (Basque)

homo-inis,
vir, viri, man, grown man



fear, man,
cine daonna, mankind, tuathánach, peasant (Irish)
fear, man,
mac an duine, mankind, tuath, peasant (Scott)
dyn-ion, man,
person, fellow, folk, folks;
gwr, man, husband,
dynolryw, mankind, werin, peasant (Welsh)
den, man (Breton)
uomo, man,
umanità, mankind, humanity, paesano, peasant (Italian)
homme, man,
humanité, mankind, humanity, paysan, peasant (French)


માણસ, Māṇasa, man, માનવજાત, Mānavajāta, mankind, વાઇરલ, Vā'irala, virile, ખેડૂત, Khēḍūta, peasant  (Gujarati)
adam, man, person,
insanlık, mankind, köylü, peasant (Turkish)
адам, adam, man, адамзат, adamzat, mankind, шаруа, şarwa, peasant (Kazakh)

kishi, man, insoniyat, humanity, mankind, adomzod, mankind, humankind, dehqon, peasant (Uzbek)
мардона, mardona, man, инсоният, insonijat, mankind, деҳқон, dehqonpeasant (Tajik)
адам, adam, man, адамзат, adamzat, mankind, дыйкан, dıykan, peasant (Kyrgyz)
эр хүн, er khün, man, хүн төрөлхтөн, khün törölkhtön, mankind, тариачин, tariachin, peasant (Mongolian)

男子, Nánzǐ, man, 人類, Rénlèi, mankind, humanity, 虛弱的, Xūruò de, virile, 農民, Nóngmín, peasant (Traditional Chinese)


oṅk  [B eṅkwe], man, oñi (adj.uni)  [cf. B eṅkwaññe], human, s'om, s'aumo, man, ātäl, man, male, (Tocharian)


atla-/atra-: A atrã/atru, D atli/etli, DLpl. atla, G adj. A atlahi/etlehi, D atlahi, DLpl. atlahe, person, meri mireñ, man, a warrior? (Lycian)
atla-/atra-: D atli, G adj. atlasi, person (Mylian)


antuwahhas, human being, person, antuhsas, antuhsa-, man, human being, antuhsas, man, human being,           LÚ, man, person, ndohs/nduahas, person, human being, ndohsadr/ndohsan, mankind, population, LÚ, man, person, LÚ.U, LU,  person, lahhiyala-, man of war, soldier, pesnas, (gen. sg.), man, pesan, pesn, pisen, man, male person, pisnadr/pisnan, manhood, virility, male parts, pesnili, manly, in a manly, way, mayandatar,  manhood, dandukessar, mankind, tuek/tuk/tueka, person, body, self, body parts, limbs, (SAG.DU), harsan-, person, head   (Hittite)


man [<OE], werewolf, a person believed capable of assuming the form of a wolf, [<OE werewulf] see man (were) viri above,
peasant, [<LLat. pagensis, inhabitant of a district]

2-67


omne (VMNE) Script J9-8

See also,
6-136:
pesunt

(PESVNT), N700

6-134:
pesnim, Script
N500, N660
pesnimu, (PESNIMV) Script
N21, N290, N320, N444, N529, N553,
N598, N632, Q162, Q171, Q194:

See also,
11-44, Man

vir (8IR), Script Z719
vira (8IRA), Script
Z1780
viri (8IRI) PM-5, XD-1
virin (8IRIN), Script Z748, Z761,
(Lat. virent, they are vigorous, healthy, etc.),






loha or laua, iron metal, ākaraḥ, ore,

dhātuḥ, ore, a metal, ayasah,
kuśī,  wrought iron, tāmram, copper, āram, bronze, raṅgam, vaṅgam, tin


 







ayanghaênaca
[ayanghaêna], iron
(Avestan)
â
hah, اهن iron, âhan, otu [n], otu kasidan, to make iron, ma'den,
معدن  ore, mine, mineral, mes, مس  copper, bronz, برنز bronze,
qal', قلع tin (Persian)

რკინის, rkinis, iron,
სპილენძი, sp’ilendzi, copper, ბრინჯაო, brinjao, bronze,
ქილა, kila, tin (Georgian)

hadid, حديد iron, khama, خامة ore,
nahas, نحاس copper, barunz,
برونز bronze, qasdayr, قصدير tin (Arabic)

urudu, copper-2nd Mill., aruta, copper-3rd Mill. (Sumerian)

parzillu
, iron, iron stone, stone or bead,
parzillu, to smelt iron, iron smelting, parzillu, in ša parzilli, ironsmith, *lašu, iron object, ahuš’u, poetic expression of copper, erû, copper, , bronze,
annakum anu, tin, mazīru, a kind of tin  (Akkadian)

жалеза, žalieza, iron, руды, rudy, ore, медзь, miedź, copper, бронза, bronza, bronze, волава, volava, tin (Belarusian)
zaleza, iron (Belarus)
željezo
, iron, ruda, ore, bakar, copper, bronza, bronze, kositar, tin (Croatian)
gvo"zdje, pegla, iron (Serbo-Croatian)

żelazo, iron,
Ruda, ore, miedź, copper, brązowy, bronze, cyna, tin  (Polish)
dzelzs, iron,
rūdas, ore, vara, copper, bronza, bronze, alva, tin  (Latvian)
fier, iron,
minereu, ore, cupru, copper, bronz, bronze, staniu, tin  (Romanian)
rauta-, iron,
malmi, ore, kupari-, copper, pronssi, bronze, tina, tin (Finnish-Uralic)



σίδερο, sidero, iron,
μετάλλευμα, metállevma, ore, χαλκός, chalkós, copper, μπρούντζος, broúntzos, bronze, κασσίτερος, kassíteros, tin   (Greek)
երկաթ,
yerkat’ , iron, հանքաքար, hank’ak’ar, ore, պղինձ, pghindz, copper, բրոնզե, bronze, bronze, անագ, anag, tin (Armenian)
hekur, iron, mineral, ore, bakër, copper, bronz, bronze, kallaj, tin (Albanian)

kobrea, copper,
brontzezko, brontze, bronze, lata, tin, burdin, iron, mea, ore, (Basque)

ferrum-i, iron
raudis-i, copper coin, aes, aeris, copper, bronze, money, aeneus, aenus, adj., of bronze, stannum-i, alloy of silver and lead, tin, plumbum album, tin

iarann, iron, méine, ore, copar, copper, cré-umha, bronze, stáin, tin (Irish)
iarann, iron,
mèinn, ore, copar, copper, umha, bronze, staoin, tin (Scott)
hearn
(heyrn-au), iron,
mwyn, ore copr, copper, efydd, bronze, tun, tin (Welsh)
ferro, iron,
minerale, ore, rame, copper, bronzo, bronze, lattina, tin  (Italian)
fer, iron, sword,

minerai, ore, cuivre, copper, bronze, bronze, étain, tin (French)
fierro, iron, mineral, ore,
cobre, copper, bronce, bronze, estaño, tin (Spanish)
Eisen, iron, Erz, ore, Kupfer, copper, Bronze-, bronze, Zinn, tin (German)
aruz, ore (OHGerman)

Demir, iron, cevher, ore, bakır, copper, bronz, bronze, teneke, tin (Turkish)
baqïr, copper coins (Uyghur)

Lōkhaṇḍa, લોખંડ, iron, Ōrē,ઓરે, ore, Kōpara, કોપર, copper, Kānsya, કાંસ્ય, bronze, Tina, ટીન tin (Gujarati)

añcwāṣi, (adj.), ancu, [B incuwo], iron,
kśāñ,  [B kuśāne*] copper coins (Tocharian)

dnkuli, adj., tin (Hittite)


iron [<OE isern], bronze [<Ital. bronzo], copper, [<Lat. Cyprium (aes)], ore, [<OE öra], tin [<OE], lead [<OE, l ēaden]

2-68


AES, Script XA-36, XB-35,
AIS, Scrip, Z525, Z263, Z432, Z614, Z681, Z887, Z1080, Z1274, Z1410, Z1591, Z1864, XQ-4, J41-12


dantah, tooth



dandân, دندان tooth (Persian)
კბილის,
kbilis, tooth (Georgian)

giṣṣiṣu, tooth-gnashing (Akkadian)


зуб, zub, tooth (Belarusian)
zub, tooth (Belarus)
zub, zubac
tooth (Serbo-Croatian)
zub, tooth, (Croatian)
zobs, tooth (Latvian)

dantis, tooth  (Baltic-Sudovian)
dinte, tooth (Romanian)
hammas, tooth (Finnish-Uralic)


δόντι, dónti, tooth (Greek)
ատամը, 
atamy, tooth (Armenian)
dhëmb, tooth (Albanian)

hortza, tooth (Basque)


dens, dentis, tooth,

fiacail, tooth (Irish)
fiacaill, tooth, deud
the teeth (Scott)
dant (daint), dannedd
, tooth, fang (Welsh)
dente, tooth (Italian)
dent, tooth (French)


દાંત, Dānta, tooth (Gujarati)

diş, tooth (Turkish)

тіс, tis, tooth (Kazakh)
tish, tooth (Uzbek)

дандон, dandon, tooth (Tajik)
тиш, tiş, tooth (Kyrgyz)
шүд, shüd, tooth (Mongolian)

齒, Chǐ, tooth (Traditional Chinese)
 
 

kam,  [B keme], tooth (Tocharian)

gagas, kka, tooth (Hittite)

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx


tooth [<OE toth],
teethe, to grow teeth, [<ME, tethe],




2-69

tentu, tento (TENTV)? possibly, tendo-ere L. to stretch, spread, etc. Script Q283, Q360, Q369, Q713, Q813, Q863, R394, R521,

See also,
10-34,

tens, or tensitim,or  tens item
Script N53, PQ-16


Notes:


* Some Hittite words from www.utexas.edu.; Most of the Hittite vocabulary is adapted from Lia Pena, https://www.academia.edu/35508624/Hittite_English_Dictionary.docx. uploaded 3.06.18; Hittite words with #, from: https://thevore.com/hittite/ (1/30.19)



Avestan words from: http://www.avesta.org/avdict/avdict.htm#dctc

Tocharian words were obtained through various online sources; however, we owe thanks to the following for enabling new additions in our current edition>: a dictionary recently uploaded to academia.edu: “A Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A Vol 1: Letters a-j,” By Gerd Carling In collaboration with Georges-Jean Pinault and Werner Winter.





(1) from: http://www.verbix.com/documents/etruscan/dravidian.htm#intr; regarding the word, capra:
"Only the finding of the true source of Etruscan can definitively settle the vexing problem of which textual words are actually members of that tongue or are borrowings from other tongues or wrongly ascribed to it by the authorities whence they were extracted. For instance, Herodotus affirms that the word kapra ("goat") is Etruscan, though it is now known to be the Latin capra for sure. How many errors such as this actually affect the many words assumed to be Etruscan by the ancient Classical authors? And these are by far the majority of words included in the more extensive "Etruscan" glossaries, which often fail to explicitly mention this controversial, unreliable origin."


(2) Twigs are an important part of the 650 pages of hymns of the Rig Veda, since it is by means of two sticks that the ancient sages of the Rig Veda were able to make their fire (as well as the fire within their homes). Agni, the god of fire, is the central figure of the Rig Veda. The fire is considered the messenger of men and gods (like the Greek god Hermes). But unlike Hermes Agni was self-begotten, since it had been observed that lightning, a form of Agni, is self-begotten. Connected to fire is the sun, the god Sura, and the dawn, the goddess Usas. A form of the sun god is Mitra (Persian, Mithra). Associated with the lightning was thunder, which was the weapon of the supreme god, Indra (who was like the Greek god Zeus, Roman god Jupiter, Etruscan god Tinia). Worship, or sacrifice, was conducted three times a day: dawn, noon, and sunset. From the weight of the hymns in the Rig Veda the dawn ceremony was no doubt the most important, setting the appeal for the coming day's wealth. The dawn ceremony for the Etruscans was no doubt the most important with respect to the augurs, as seen in the Divine_Mirror.html. Wealth in cattle, children, and booty from raids was the predominate thing for which the Aryan people prayed, arranged in a circle:


(Rig Veda Book VIII.86)
11. Bards joined in song to Indra so that he
might drink the Soma juice,
The Lord of Light, that he whose laws
stand fast might aid with power and
with the help he gives
12. The holy sages form a ring, looking and
singing to the Ram [Indra]
Inciters, full of vigour, not to be deceived,
are with the chanters, nigh to hear.

   According to the Rig Veda the [original] Hindu pantheon includes 33 gods. The location of the initial five tribes invading the Indus region of ancient India, now Eastern Pakistan and Western India, initially included the upper reaches of the river Sarasvati. The river was a supreme goddess in her own right. The drainage basin of the Sarasvati is now desert and an area of the Harappan civilization. The Sarasvati can be viewed by a satellite photograph as a dry river bed system. It reaches from the Punjab, east of the Sutlej river (mentioned in the Rig Veda), toward the Gulf of Kutch on the Arabian Sea. The people that attacked the cities of this area (some forts had "metal," Sanskrit, "ayas," walls), fighting for booty in terms of cattle, horses, slaves and gold, were Indo-Europeans. Because of the time in which they were conducting their cattle raids, what is recorded in the Rig Veda may have a bearing upon Etruscan practices. The frequent use of the word, "ayas," which could mean "copper / bronze" or "iron" according to Vedic scholars, suggests that the invaders were Iron Age people, dating more into the period 1,200 B.C. to 850 B.C., making them contemporaries of the Etruscans and other Iron Age peoples who during that period were migrating. Currently scholars believe that the Rig Veda was from a period of time ~ 1,500 B.C., and some argue that the speakers of Sanskrit originated in India and migrated eastward and westward. However, this theory is controverted by the Rig Veda, the oldest Sanskrit document, which shows an evolving tradition, initially focused on cattle raids on the order of the Irish epic, T'ain Bo Cuailange, and the attempts to defend themselves against the brown-skinned peoples of the region. A frequent ephitet of Indra describes him as "fair-skinned," contrasting him and his Aryans with the brown-skinned, godless indiginous peoples of the Sarasvati region. What determined whether one was godless was whether the people practiced a ritual centered in what can be called a "Banquet of the Gods." The banquet included the offering of cows, horses and a juice called Soma. The cattle being offered at the three banquets of the gods were tied to a pillar or stake called the Vanaspati (Rig Veda IX.V. 10). The ritual included the purification of the Vanaspati with Soma. This is what the Encyclopaedia Britaninica says about Soma:


"Soma, in ancient Indian cult worship, an unidentified plant, the juice of which was a fundamental offering of the Vedic sacrifices. The stalks of the plant were pressed between stones, and the juice was filtered through sheep's wool and then mixed with water and milk. After first being offered as a libation to the gods, the remainder of the soma was consumed by the priests and the sacrificer. It was highly valued for its exhilarating, probably hallucinogenic, effect. The personified deity Soma was the “master of plants,” the healer of disease, and the bestower of riches.

The soma cult exhibits a number of similarities to the corresponding haoma cult of the ancient Iranians and is suggestive of shared beliefs among the ancient Indo-Europeans in a kind of elixir of the gods. Like haoma, the soma plant grows in the mountains, but its true origin is believed to be heaven, whence it was brought to earth by an eagle. The pressing of soma was associated with the fertilizing rain, which makes possible all life and growth."

   Soma was a golden-brown color, probably made from hemp, and in the rite around a circular fire altar was strewn carefully cut grass (possibly hemp). The juice was pressed between two rocks into a large wooden vat and from the vat, called a dronakalasa, the Soma – which may have been fermented, since the Rig Veda refers to it expanding or growing – was poured from pitchers through a woolen cloth, called a strainer, and the pure fluid was then mixed with milk. At some point the Soma is mixed with water, honey, barley and curds and lastly milk. The text refers to Soma as "meath" (mead), and most of the instructions for making it are in the Rig Veda Book IX, Ralph T. H Griffith's translation. Bits of the process are scattered throughout the Rig Veda.
   Those who were godless did not participate in the Soma rite. However, as one gets deeper into the Rig Veda, one can see the five tribes of Aryans becoming more settled, to the extent that their hymns focused on getting protection of the gods against internicine warfare. Early in the Rig Veda it is clear that a barbarian is not favored by the gods. But then, in Book VIII the priests (Brahmins) sing about issues involving battles between Soma worshippers. Who is more favored? The most favored would be those who are more generous with their offerings. The more cattle you offer the more the gods give you. The gods frown on the niggardly. And of course a niggardly offering would not be well received from the priests who lived off of the offrings.
    Indra is always available to defend the sincere worshipper from his chariot, driven by two bay steeds. He is the defender of herds, like Cúchulainn, the Celtic hero of the great cattle-raid, the T'ain Bo Cuailange. Like Cúchulainn, Indra and other Hindu gods have the ability to morph, but Cúchulainn did have some interesting feats that stretched the imagination a bit more than Indra did, in my opinion. Indra the dragon killer shares a heritage seen in other Indo-European heroes, such as the German Siegfried and English Beowolf.

   Drinking mead is part of an old Indo-European ritual and the mead, an alcoholic beverage fermented with honey and water, certainly aquired more than an alcoholic kick to it in India (probably containing in its brew marijuana from the hemp). Barley was probably the main grain from which mead was made, as was the case with Soma. The ritual represented in Etruscan banquet scenes is probably mead made out of wine, perhaps like the later Roman mulsum, or mulse.
   Within the Etruscan banquet scenes are icons such as an altar, the passing of a small stick or wand, offering an egg, and the depiction of horses, and it may be that bay or red colored horses are the choice of the Etruscan riders in the afterlife. The blue-grey colors, as in Hindu pictures, deal with death, the otherworld, Erebus. Unlike the view of the Rig Veda, of praying for long-life – not addressing a world after death – the Etruscans focused completely on the 'hereafter," more on the same level as the Egyptians, as can be seen in their murals.





Please beam me back to Indo-European_Table 1

Please beam me back to Etruscan_Phrases

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