Etruscan Phrases Grammar
|
Section of Schyen Collection mirror, MS565/2 showing the word 8RATER, frater. |
Note how the Etruscans made
distinctions between ai and ia and ie and ei. The
word FRATER (8RATER) seen in the Tavola Eugubine Script , and the Schyen mirror MS 565/2, Script MS,
is important, because of the suffix, os, and the
consonant "8" which we usually render as "B" but in
this case have applied the value of "F." The word
"frater," of course is "brother" and we can see in
the Indo-EuropeanTable.html that
the word shifts from Sanskrit, bhratar and Persian
baradar, to Greek phrater and Latin frater, French
frre, Welsh friar, pracar in Tocharian, brathair in
Irish, breudeur in Breton, brothor in Old English,
and brother in modern English. We note that the "8"
in most Etruscan words appears to be "V," as in
vario, and is distinctly not an "F." This leads us
to suspect that the Irish pronunciation, brathair
(pl.), may be closer to the Etruscan pronunciation,
which appears to be brater. Furthermore, if this
indicates a trend or shift it may indicate a closer
affinity of the Gaelic language(s) to Etruscan than
found in that between Latin and Gaelic. Our
investigation through the Indo-European Table,
however, shows that the Etruscan language is closest
to Latin, of all the Indo-European languages.
Because of its declension characteristics
with its age, being of a people that are
antecedent to the Romans / Latins the Etruscan language may be in the
nexus where Latin, Gaelic and Greek meet or began to
differentiate.
Codes in the Declension Table are as follows: Words
with question marks next to them may be verbs. Words
with a "PL" number are probably nouns, found in the
Picacenza Liver. Words in parentheses refer to a
separate listing of the same word group in another
declension. Colored characters, such as the green "S," are described in the first page of this grammar. As the
"Etruscan Phrases" Glossary acquires more words so
will our visibility of the Etruscan declensions
improve. We expect in general that the Etruscan
declensions will resemble the Latin declensions,
though we can't rule out any resemblance to the
Greek, such as the "os" suffix.
Like Latin, Etruscan does not use the article. Thus,
gender and number would be indicated through the
suffix, just as the specific case would also be
identified through the suffix. As we sift the data
in these tables, we will also prepare separate
Conjugation Tables for Etruscan verbs. The Etruscan_grammar.xls,
of course, provides the essence of Etruscan
conjugation, but I am anxious to see what the
Conjugation Table will look like. I anticipate that
it will have all of the Latin conjugation voices,
Active and Passive: indicative, subjunctive,
imperative, the infinitive and the participles. I
believe that most of the verbs are Active, in the
present, imperfect, perfect, future and a few of the
words appear to be in the pluperfect tense. In any
event the Conjugation Table and the process by which
it will emerge has a life of its own, as it were,
and it will take whatever form that is found in it.
After all, we can't make up words to fit a theory,
as the process compels us to understand the words as
they fit within their bounds of grammatical rules.
Though a bit harsh, my complaint against the
"Pallattino School" scholars is appropriate, since
it has to do with the future of Etruscan studies and
the credibility of those teaching Etruscology.
Students who invest their time and lives in the
studies, and the people who have provided financial
grants for research, should expect more than the
"Pallattino School" promise "that Etruscan is like
no language dead or living." On the contrary, its
grammatical forms are akin to Latin and for starters
we have ~2,300 words to prove it (and the glossary
is growing). Those who have been funding "Pallottino
School" research are also impacted in the prospect
that Etruscan is very much Indo-European, that it
has been refined as such at "Etruscan Phrases" since
1998, contrary to what their beneficiaries claimed.
"Pallottino School" scholars have asked the
world to believe their translations of several
hundred words from the
corpus of a language they cannot identify without giving us the ability to audit
their data. The concept is quite bothersome to me
and no doubt offensive to the very meaning of
scientific inquiry. This work is fully auditable.
Mel Copeland
Berkeley, CA
February 11, 2007
(Updated 10.25.11)
This page reflects names shown in Etruscan mirrors,
such as HERCLE (Heracles), etc.
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Nominative |
Genitive |
Accusitive |
Dative |
Ablative |
Etr. dec 1 |
Etr. dec 2 |
Plural |
x |
RAS |
x |
x |
x |
RASNA* |
RASNE* |
RASNES |
x |
ROM |
ROMA |
x |
x |
ROMNA* |
ROMNE* |
ROMI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
AVONA |
x |
AVONAS, AVONES |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PETiNA (L pecten) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SENTINA* |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SATINA* |
SATANE* |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SARINA* |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RINA |
x |
x |
x |
RAL |
x |
x |
x |
RALNA* |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TARENA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TALENA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
THENA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
TESENA |
TESeNE |
TESeNS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
CHAINA (KAINA) |
CHIANE (KIANE) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FELTONE* |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
HERMNE* |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ARMONE* |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
AKRARE or AKRATHE (Agrius, a giant?) |
x |
x |
TAL |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TALI |
x |
TEL (L. tela) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RESANE |
x |
x |
SATAN |
x |
x |
|
x |
SATANE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
x |
SATENE |
x |
x |
TORAN, TURAN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MEAN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
EFAN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TORONE, TURONE (Turin?) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TORINES, TURINES (L. Taurinus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NATINE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RISINE* |
x |
x |
RESiN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RESINE* |
RESiNS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TEVNS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TENS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MENS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ELCHINTRE ELACHSNTRE ELCHSUNTRE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ATNE |
x |
x |
SIK |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SIKNE |
x |
x | x | x | x | x | x | ACILVNE | x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LUNE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CATNE* |
CATNIS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LATINA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ACNINA |
x |
x |
x | x | x | x | x | AKNINA | x | x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
HENNA |
x |
HENNI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SALINI, |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SANTI, |
x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ALENI |
x |
TAM (L. tam) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TOM (L. tum) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TORM (L. turm) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LEM |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LEMNISA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RALISA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LARISA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SORISA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FELRA |
FELRE |
x |
x |
LES (L. les) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LIS (L. lis) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LUS (L. lux) PL29 |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RA |
x |
x |
x |
RAE, PL31 |
x |
x |
x |
RaKSA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
AVA (L. avia) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
AVO (L. avus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OV (L. ovum-i) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OK (It. oggia?) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OT, VT (L. ut) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LaTO |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ORKA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SICA (L. sica) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PESCA |
x |
x |
x |
NASC |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MAS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NAS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SAS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SASE |
x |
x |
SEOS, SEUS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PES |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SFERA or SeVERA? |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SOVERA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SOBRA, SOVRA (It. sopra, sovra) |
x |
x |
x |
PONIG (Punic?) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NES? (L. nex) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LAUS (L. laus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CIVAS |
CIVA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MAF |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MANTRA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CATRA |
x |
x |
x |
TER (L. ter) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TERS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
VER |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
VERI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SALT |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FET (L. festus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RET (L. rete) PL11 |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MONICLET |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RIMAT? |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SEROT? |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TeP? (L. tepeo) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
THvS? (L. tus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TUS, TFS (L. tus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TRIS (L. tristis) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TOSK |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FUFLUNS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LANTS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ONT (It. onta) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ONTS |
x |
SAIN? |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SAINS |
x |
LONS (PL28) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NERONS (NERVNS) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CENKVN (CENCHVN) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SAM |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MUR (MOR?) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MURS |
x |
SOL (L. sol) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SOLS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SABELS |
x |
LIAL |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RIAL |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RIALS |
x |
OP (L. Ops) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OPH |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ROPH |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PERSON |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CLAN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NON (L. non) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OMEN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TRETEN? |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
KOLEM |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
EPE OR |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
EPH |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PHA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PHO |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SERPHO |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
EPIC (L. epicus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OMERIC |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SULA, SFLA |
x |
x |
x |
RIP |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RUV |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SKAL |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SICAL |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FIAUL |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NIUL (L. nihil) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SCOL |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FOLC |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PEORI? |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CLENSI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CERNI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
COMNI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MIMNI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FELSI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
POLESI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NETI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SCORPI |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SOTHI |
x |
FELS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FELI |
x |
VELS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
VELI |
x |
SAVELS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FILiK (L. felix) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
VILiK (L. felix) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FOST (It. fusto) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
VOST |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RUCE, RFCE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CULAN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
KROFE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OFE (L. offa-ae) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MORFE (L. Morpheus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OReSTE, OROSTHe |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
POLPE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
URTHEA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MANRIFA, MANRFA, MENRFA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ATLENTA (Atalanta) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ATHRvPA (Atropos) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CLUTHUMUSTHA (Clytemnestra) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LAS? |
x |
LASA |
|
x |
x | x |
x |
x |
x |
IKRA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
LATFA |
x |
x |
x |
LEINR or LEINTH |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NAKFA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NOCTFA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
METFA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PILEKA |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TELETA |
x |
x |
x |
AMPHIARE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TUTE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x | TVTHE (Script ON) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ADaRSTE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PReSSE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
DIONE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PROPE (L. prope, adv.) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TAVLE (L. tabella) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ITALE |
x |
x |
x |
ITALA |
x |
x |
x |
ISLE (L. insula) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
HERCLE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
COCLe |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
EUPLE (Euippe?) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ACILA (L. ancilla-ae?) |
x |
x |
x |
AKL, AKLE (Achilles) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
TUNTLES |
TUNTLE (Tyndareüs) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PHERSE (PERSEUS) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ATHLE (Atlas) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SEMLE (Semela) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
VOSLE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
MENLE (Menelaus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NEPLE |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PELE |
PELION (PELIVN) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OCTITO |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PLATO |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x | VIRIN (L. vir) |
x |
x |
VIR |
VIRA |
x |
x |
x | KULIN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OFLIN (L. ovile-is) PL-1 |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OFELI |
x |
PLOTIN (L. pluteus) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CANIN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ACHMEMNON |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
AEITHEON (Jason) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
CERON (Geryon) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
RACON |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
HEUN (L. Euhan) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NAKUS, NAKFS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
FEIRA (It. Fiora) |
x |
x |
x |
PEL |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
PEN |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
NAL |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ROK |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
EREK? |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
OS (L. os-oris, os ossis) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ARC |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
AKS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ANS (L. ansa) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
SOS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
EOS (L. Eos) |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
APH |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
ARS |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
IPA |
IPAE* |
IPEI |
* Old Latin, "Dueonos Vase." (See Etruscan_Phrases_a.html)
Notes:
(1) Wallace's "Etruscan Texts Project" categories: Abecedaria, Artisans' Texts, Boundary Markers, Construction Texts, Dedications, Didaskalia, Funerary Texts, Legal Texts, Other/Unclear Texts, Prohibitions, Proprietary Texts, Religious Texts, Tesserae Hospitales
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Etruscan_Grammar.xls
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Launched 7.27.06
Updated: 7.28.06; 7.29.06; 7.30.06;
7.31.06; 8.01.06; 8.02.06; 1.28.07; 2.07.07;
2.08.07; 2.09.09; 2.10.07; 2.11.07; 2.12.07;
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Copyright 1981-2011 Mel Copeland. All rights
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